The legion of Shakespearean plays of date before 1593 has vanished.  The miracle is very considerably abated.  In place of introducing the airy hosts of plays before 1592, in p. 51, it would have been, perhaps, more instructive to write that, as far as we can calculate, Shakespeare’s earliest trials of his pinions as a dramatist may be placed about 1591-3.  There would then have been no specious appearance of miracles to be credited by Stratfordians to Will.  But even so, we have sufficient to “give us pause,” says Mr. Greenwood, with justice.  It gives me “pause,” if I am to believe that, between 1587 and 1592, Will wrote Love’s Labour’s Lost, The Comedy of Errors, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, and Romeo and Juliet.  There is a limit even to my gullibility, and if anyone wrote all these plays, as we now possess them, before 1593, I do not suppose that Will was the man.  But the dates, in fact, are unknown:  the miracle is apocryphal.

CHAPTER VI:  THE COURTLY PLAYS:  “LOVE’S LABOUR’S LOST”

We now come to consider another “miracle” discovered in the plays,—­a miracle if the actor be the author.  The new portent is the courtliness and refinement (too often, alas! the noblest ladies make the coarsest jokes) and wit of the speeches of the noble gentlemen and ladies in the plays.  To be sure the refinement in the jests is often conspicuously absent.  How could the rude actor learn his quips and pretty phrases, and farfetched conceits?  This question I have tried to answer already,—­the whole of these fashions abound in the literature of the day.

Here let us get rid of the assumption that a poet could not make the ladies and gentlemen of his plays converse as they do converse, whether in quips and airs and graces, or in loftier style, unless he himself frequented their society.  Marlowe did not frequent the best society; he was no courtier, but there is the high courtly style in the speeches of the great and noble in Edward ii.  Courtiers and kings never did speak in this manner, any more than they spoke in blank verse.  The style is a poetical convention, while the quips and conceits, the airs and graces, ran riot through the literature of the age of Lyly and his Euphues and his comedies, the age of the Arcadia.

A cheap and probable source of Will’s courtliness is to be found in the courtly comedies of John Lyly, five of which were separately printed between 1584 and 1592.  Lyly’s “real significance is that he was the first to bring together on the English stage the elements of high comedy, thereby preparing the way for Shakespeare’s Much Ado about Nothing and As You Like It” (and Love’s Labour’s Lost, one may add).  “Whoever knows his Shakespeare and his Lyly well can hardly miss the many evidences that Shakespeare had read Lyly’s plays almost as closely as Lyly had read Pliny’s Natural History. . . .  One could hardly imagine Love’s Labour’s Lost as existent in the period from 1590 to 1600, had not Lyly’s work just preceded it.” {120a}