Again:  the ice-sheets which now exist in the remote north do not move with a constant and regular motion southward, grinding up the rocks as they go.  A recent writer, describing the appearance of things in Greenland, says: 

“The coasts are deeply indented with numerous bays and fiords or firths, which, when traced inland, are almost invariably found to terminate against glaciers.  Thick ice frequently appears, too, crowning the exposed sea-cliffs, from the edges of which it droops in thick, tongue-like, and stalactitic projections, until its own weight forces it to break away and topple down the precipices into the sea."[1]

This does not represent an ice-sheet moving down continuously from the high grounds and tearing up the rocks.  It rather breaks off like great icicles from the caves of a house.

Again:  the ice-sheets to-day do not striate or groove the rocks over which they move.

Mr. Campbell, author of two works in defense of the iceberg theory—­“Fire and Frost,” and “A Short American Tramp”—­went, in 1864, to the coasts of Labrador, the Strait of Belle Isle, and the Gulf of St. Lawrence, for the express purpose of witnessing the effects of icebergs, and testing the theory he had formed.  On the coast of Labrador he reports that at Hanly Harbor, where

[1.  “Popular Science Monthly,” April, 1874, p. 646.]

{p. 36}

the whole strait is blocked up with ice each winter, and the great mass swung bodily up and down, “grating along the bottom at all depths,” he “found the rocks ground smooth, but not striated."[1] At Cape Charles and Battle Harbor, he reports, “the rocks at the water-line are not striated."[2] At St. Francis Harbor, “the water-line is much rubbed smooth, but not striated."[3] At Sea Islands, he says, “No striæ are to be seen at the land-wash in these sounds or on open sea-coasts near the present waterline."[4]

Again:  if these drift-deposits, these vast accumulations of sand, clay, gravel, and bowlders, were caused by a great continental ice-sheet scraping and tearing the rocks on which it rested, and constantly moving toward the sun, then not only would we find, as I have suggested in the case of glaciers, the accumulated masses of rubbish piled up in great windrows or ridges along the lines where the face of the ice-sheet melted, but we would naturally expect that the farther north we went the less we would find of these materials; in other words, that the ice, advancing southwardly, would sweep the north clear of débris to pile it up in the more southern regions.  But this is far from being the case.  On the contrary, the great masses of the Drift extend as far north as the land itself.  In the remote, barren grounds of North America, we are told by various travelers who have visited those regions, “sand-hills and erratics appear to be as common as in the countries farther south."[5] Captain Bach tells us[6] that he saw great chains of sand-hills, stretching