II.

Our country has come through a painful period of trial and disillusionment since the victory of 1945.  We anticipated a world of peace and cooperation.  The calculated pressures of aggressive communism have forced us, instead, to live in a world of turmoil.

From this costly experience we have learned one clear lesson.  We have learned that the free world cannot indefinitely remain in a posture of paralyzed tension, leaving forever to the aggressor the choice of time and place and means to cause greatest hurt to us at least cost to himself.

This administration has, therefore, begun the definition of a new, positive foreign policy.  This policy will be governed by certain fixed ideas.  They are these: 

(1) Our foreign policy must be clear, consistent, and confident.  This means that it must be the product of genuine, continuous cooperation between the executive and the legislative branches of this Government.  It must be developed and directed in the spirit of true bipartisanship.

(2) The policy we embrace must be a coherent global policy.  The freedom we cherish and defend in Europe and in the Americas is no different from the freedom that is imperiled in Asia.

(3) Our policy, dedicated to making the free world secure, will envision all peaceful methods and devices—­except breaking faith with our friends.  We shall never acquiesce in the enslavement of any people in order to purchase fancied gain for ourselves.  I shall ask the Congress at a later date to join in an appropriate resolution making clear that this Government recognizes no kind of commitment contained in secret understandings of the past with foreign governments which permit this kind of enslavement.

(4) The policy we pursue will recognize the truth that no single country, even one so powerful as ours, can alone defend the liberty of all nations threatened by Communist aggression from without or subversion within.  Mutual security means effective mutual cooperation.  For the United States, this means that, as a matter of common sense and national interest, we shall give help to other nations in the measure that they strive earnestly to do their full share of the common task.  No wealth of aid could compensate for poverty of spirit.  The heart of every free nation must be honestly dedicated to the preserving of its own independence and security.

(5) Our policy will be designed to foster the advent of practical unity in Western Europe.  The nations of that region have contributed notably to the effort of sustaining the security of the free world.  From the jungles of Indochina and Malaya to the northern shores of Europe, they have vastly improved their defensive strength.  Where called upon to do so, they have made costly and bitter sacrifices to hold the line of freedom.

But the problem of security demands closer cooperation among the nations of Europe than has been known to date.  Only a more closely integrated economic and political system can provide the greatly increased economic strength needed to maintain both necessary military readiness and respectable living standards.