However, already in the ’twenties, the Russian mathematician Friedman showed that a different hypothesis was natural from a purely theoretical point of view.  He realized that it was possible to preserve hypothesis (1) without introducing the less natural cosmological term into the field equations of gravitation, if one was ready to drop hypothesis (2).  Namely, the original field equations admit a solution in which the " world radius " depends on time (expanding space).  In that sense one can say, according to Friedman, that the theory demands an expansion of space.

A few years later Hubble showed, by a special investigation of the extra-galactic nebulae (” milky ways “), that the spectral lines emitted showed a red shift which increased regularly with the distance of the nebulae.  This can be interpreted in regard to our present knowledge only in the sense of Doppler’s principle, as an expansive motion of the system of stars in the large —­ as required, according to Friedman, by the field equations of gravitation.  Hubble’s discovery can, therefore, be considered to some extent as a confirmation of the theory.

There does arise, however, a strange difficulty.  The interpretation of the galactic line-shift discovered by Hubble as an expansion (which can hardly be doubted from a theoretical point of view), leads to an origin of this expansion which lies " only " about 10^9 years ago, while physical astronomy makes it appear likely that the development of individual stars and systems of stars takes considerably longer.  It is in no way known how this incongruity is to be overcome.

I further want to rernark that the theory of expanding space, together with the empirical data of astronomy, permit no decision to be reached about the finite or infinite character of (three-dimensional) space, while the original " static " hypothesis of space yielded the closure (finiteness) of space.

K = co-ordinate system x, y = two-dimensional co-ordinates x, y, z = three-dimensional co-ordinates x, y, z, t = four-dimensional co-ordinates

t = time I = distance v = velocity

F = force
G = gravitational field

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