There are few data by which to judge of Leonardo’s style in the treatment of detail.  On Pl.  LXXXV No. 10 and Pl.  CIII No. 3, we find some details of pillars; on Pl.  CI No. 3 slender pillars designed for a fountain and on Pl.  CIII No. 1 MS. B, is a pen and ink drawing of a vase which also seems intended for a fountain.  Three handles seem to have been intended to connect the upper parts with the base.  There can be no doubt that Leonardo, like Bramante, but unlike Michael Angelo, brought infinite delicacy of motive and execution to bear on the details of his work.

XIV.

Anatomy, Zoology and Physiology.

Leonardo’s eminent place in the history of medicine, as a pioneer in the sciences of Anatomy and Physiology, will never be appreciated till it is possible to publish the mass of manuscripts in which he largely treated of these two branches of learning.  In the present work I must necessarily limit myself to giving the reader a general view of these labours, by publishing his introductory notes to the various books on anatomical subjects.  I have added some extracts, and such observations as are scattered incidentally through these treatises, as serving to throw a light on Leonardo’s scientific attitude, besides having an interest for a wider circle than that of specialists only.

VASARI expressly mentions Leonardo’s anatomical studies, having had occasion to examine the manuscript books which refer to them.  According to him Leonardo studied Anatomy in the companionship of Marc Antonio della Torre “aiutato e scambievolmente aiutando."_—­This learned Anatomist taught the science in the universities first of Padua and then of Pavia, and at Pavia he and Leonardo may have worked and studied together.  We have no clue to any exact dates, but in the year 1506 Marc Antonio della Torre seems to have not yet left Padua.  He was scarcely thirty years old when he died in 1512, and his writings on anatomy have not only never been published, but no manuscript copy of them is known to exist._

This is not the place to enlarge on the connection between Leonardo and Marc Antonio della Torre.  I may however observe that I have not been able to discover in Leonardo’s manuscripts on anatomy any mention of his younger contemporary.  The few quotations which occur from writers on medicine—­either of antiquity or of the middle ages are printed in Section XXII.  Here and there in the manuscripts mention is made of an anonymous “adversary" (avversario) whose views are opposed and refuted by Leonardo, but there is no ground for supposing that Marc Antonio della Torre should have been this “adversary".

Only a very small selection from the mass of anatomical drawings left by Leonardo have been published here in facsimile, but to form any adequate idea of their scientific merit they should be compared with the coarse and inadequate figures given in the published books of the early part of the XVI. century.