The original text however hardly bears the interpretation put upon it by AMORETTI.  He is mistaken as to the mark on the MS. as well as in his statements as to the date, for the MS. in question has no date; the date he gives occurs, on the contrary, in another note-book.  Finally, it appears to me quite an open question whether Leonardo was the architect who carried out the construction of the dome-like Pavilion here shown in section, or of the ground plan of the Pavilion drawn by the side of it.  Must we, in fact, suppose that “il duca di Milano” here mentioned was, as has been generally assumed, Ludovico il Moro?  He did not hold this title from the Emperor before 1494; till that date he was only called Governatore and Leonardo in speaking of him, mentions him generally as “il Moro” even after 1494.  On January 18, 1491, he married Beatrice d’Este the daughter of Ercole I, Duke of Ferrara.  She died on the 2nd January 1497, and for the reasons I have given it seems improbable that it should be this princess who is here spoken of as the “Duchessa di Milano”.  From the style of the handwriting it appears to me to be beyond all doubt that the MS. B, from which this passage is taken, is older than the dated MSS. of 1492 and 1493.  In that case the Duke of Milan here mentioned would be Gian Galeazzo (1469-1494) and the Duchess would be his wife Isabella of Aragon, to whom he was married on the second February 1489.  J. P. R.]

752.

The earth that is dug out from the cellars must be raised on one side so high as to make a terrace garden as high as the level of the hall; but between the earth of the terrace and the wall of the house, leave an interval in order that the damp may not spoil the principal walls.

IV.  Ecclesiastical Architecture.

A. General Observations._

753.

A building should always be detached on all sides so that its form may be seen.

[Footnote:  The original text is reproduced on Pl.  XCII, No. 1 to the left hand at the bottom.]

754.

Here there cannot and ought not to be any campanile; on the contrary it must stand apart like that of the Cathedral and of San Giovanni at Florence, and of the Cathedral at Pisa, where the campanile is quite detached as well as the dome.  Thus each can display its own perfection.  If however you wish to join it to the church, make the lantern serve for the campanile as in the church at Chiaravalle.

[Footnote:  This text is written by the side of the plan given on Pl.  XCI.  No. 2.]

[Footnote 12:  The Abbey of Chiaravalle, a few miles from Milan, has a central tower on the intersection of the cross in the style of that of the Certosa of Pavia, but the style is mediaeval (A.  D. 1330).  Leonardo seems here to mean, that in a building, in which the circular form is strongly conspicuous, the campanile must either be separated, or rise from the centre of the building and therefore take the form of a lantern.]