341.

The width of the shoulders is 1/4 of the whole.  From the joint of the shoulder to the hand is 1/3, from the parting of the lips to below the shoulder-blade is one foot.

The greatest thickness of a man from the breast to the spine is one 8th of his height and is equal to the space between the bottom of the chin and the top of the head.

The greatest width is at the shoulders and goes 4.

The torso from the front and back.

342.

The width of a man under the arms is the same as at the hips.

A man’s width across the hips is equal to the distance from the top of the hip to the bottom of the buttock, when a man stands equally balanced on both feet; and there is the same distance from the top of the hip to the armpit.  The waist, or narrower part above the hips will be half way between the arm pits and the bottom of the buttock.

[Footnote:  The lower sketch Pl.  XVI, No. 2, is drawn by the side of line 1.]

Vitruvius’ scheme of proportions.

343.

Vitruvius, the architect, says in his work on architecture that the measurements of the human body are distributed by Nature as follows:  that is that 4 fingers make 1 palm, and 4 palms make 1 foot, 6 palms make 1 cubit; 4 cubits make a man’s height.  And 4 cubits make one pace and 24 palms make a man; and these measures he used in his buildings.  If you open your legs so much as to decrease your height 1/14 and spread and raise your arms till your middle fingers touch the level of the top of your head you must know that the centre of the outspread limbs will be in the navel and the space between the legs will be an equilateral triangle.

The length of a man’s outspread arms is equal to his height.

From the roots of the hair to the bottom of the chin is the tenth of a man’s height; from the bottom of the chin to the top of his head is one eighth of his height; from the top of the breast to the top of his head will be one sixth of a man.  From the top of the breast to the roots of the hair will be the seventh part of the whole man.  From the nipples to the top of the head will be the fourth part of a man.  The greatest width of the shoulders contains in itself the fourth part of the man.  From the elbow to the tip of the hand will be the fifth part of a man; and from the elbow to the angle of the armpit will be the eighth part of the man.  The whole hand will be the tenth part of the man; the beginning of the genitals marks the middle of the man.  The foot is the seventh part of the man.  From the sole of the foot to below the knee will be the fourth part of the man.  From below the knee to the beginning of the genitals will be the fourth part of the man.  The distance from the bottom of the chin to the nose and from the roots of the hair to the eyebrows is, in each case the same, and like the ear, a third of the face.

[Footnote:  See Pl.  XVIII.  The original leaf is 21 centimetres wide and 33 1/2 long.  At the ends of the scale below the figure are written the words diti (fingers) and palmi (palms).  The passage quoted from Vitruvius is Book III, Cap. 1, and Leonardo’s drawing is given in the editions of Vitruvius by FRA GIOCONDO (Venezia 1511, fol., Firenze 1513, 8vo.) and by CESARIANO (Como 1521).]