In the miserable, harassing warfare that accompanied the collection of taxes the Viceregal commanders gained more from fraud than force.  No subterfuge, no treachery, was too mean for them to adopt:  no oath or treaty was too sacred for them to break.  Their methods were cruel, and if honour did not impede the achievement, mercy did not restrict the effects of their inglorious successes; and the effete administrators delighted to order their timid soldiery to carry out the most savage executions.  The political methods and social style of the Governors-General were imitated more or less exactly by the subordinate officials according to their degree in the provinces.  Since they were completely hidden from the eye of civilisation, they enjoyed a greater licence in their administration.  As their education was inferior, so their habits became more gross.  Meanwhile the volcano on which they disported themselves was ominously silent.  The Arab tribes obeyed, and the black population cowered.

The authority of a tyrannical Government was supported by the presence of a worthless army.  Nearly forty thousand men were distributed among eight main and numerous minor garrisons.  Isolated in a roadless country by enormous distances and natural obstacles, and living in the midst of large savage populations of fanatical character and warlike habits, whose exasperation was yearly growing with their miseries, the Viceregal forces might depend for their safety only on the skill of their officers, the excellence of their discipline, and the superiority of their weapons.  But the Egyptian officers were at that time distinguished for nothing but their public incapacity and private misbehaviour.  The evil reputation of the Soudan and its climate deterred the more educated or more wealthy from serving in such distant regions, and none went south who could avoid it.  The army which the Khedives maintained in the Delta was, judged by European standards, only a rabble.  It was badly trained, rarely paid, and very cowardly; and the scum of the army of the Delta was the cream of the army of the Soudan.  The officers remained for long periods, many all their lives, in the obscurity of the remote provinces.  Some had been sent there in disgrace, others in disfavour.  Some had been forced to serve out of Egypt by extreme poverty, others were drawn to the Soudan by the hopes of gratifying peculiar tastes.  The majority had harems of the women of the country, which were limited only by the amount of money they could lay their hands on by any method.  Many were hopeless and habitual drunkards.  Nearly all were dishonest.  All were indolent and incapable.