his clansmen procured; and they robbed, plundered, and swindled with all the arrogance and impunity of royal favourites.  The populace of the city returned a bitter hatred for these injuries; and the Khalifa’s object was attained.  He had created a class in Omdurman who were indissolubly attached to him.  Like him, they were detested by the local tribes.  Like him, they were foreigners in the land.  But, like him, they were fierce and brave and strong.  His dangers, his enemies, his interests were their own.  Their lives depended on their loyalty.

Here was the motor muscle which animated the rest.  The Taaisha Baggara controlled the black Jehadia, once the irregular troops of the Egyptians, now become the regulars of the Khalifa.  The black Jehadia overawed the Arab army in the capital.  The army in the capital dominated the forces in the provinces.  The forces in the provinces subdued the inhabitants.  The centralisation of power was assured by the concentration of military material.  Cannon, rifles, stores of ammunition, all the necessities of war were accumulated in the arsenal.  Only the armies on the frontiers, the Taaisha tribe, and the khalifa’s personal bodyguard habitually carried firearms and cartridges.  The enormous population of Omdurman was forced to be content with spears and swords.  Rifles were issued to the Soudanese whenever safe and necessary; cartridges only when they were about to be used.  Thus several millions of warlike and savage people, owning scarcely any law but that of might, and scattered about a vast roadless territory, were brought into the firm grip of a single man.

The third principle of government which the Khalifa was compelled, or inclined, to adopt was to keep the relative power of the various tribes and classes conveniently proportioned.  If an Emir rose to great influence and wealth, he became a possible rival, and suffered forthwith death, imprisonment, or spoliation.  If a tribe threatened the supremacy of the Taaisha it was struck down while its menace was yet a menace.  The regulation of classes and tribes was a far more complicated affair than the adjustment of individuals.  Yet for thirteen years the Khalifa held the balance, and held it exact until the very end.  Such was the statecraft of a savage from Kordofan.

His greatest triumph was the Abyssinian war.  It is not likely that two great barbaric kingdoms living side by side, but differing in race and religion, will long continue at peace; nor was it difficult to discover a cause of the quarrel between the Dervishes and the Abyssinians.  For some time a harassing and desultory warfare disturbed the border.  At length in 1885 a Dervish—­half-trader, half brigand—­sacked an Abyssinian church.  Bas Adal, the Governor of the Amhara province, demanded that this sacrilegious robber should be surrendered to justice.  The Arabs haughtily refused.  The response was swift.  Collecting an army which may have amounted to 30,000 men, the Abyssinians invaded