had lasted from ten o’clock till one, but the butchery continued much longer.  It took time to slaughter even unresisting victims.  Large numbers obtained refuge for the night upon an island in the river.  At low water next day the Spaniards waded to them, and slew every man.  Many found concealment in hovels, swamps, and thickets, so that the whole of the following day was occupied in ferreting out and despatching them.  There was so much to be done, that there was work enough for all.  “Not a soldier,” says, with great simplicity, a Spanish historian who fought in the battle, “not a soldier, nor even a lad, who wished to share in the victory, but could find somebody to wound, to kill, to burn, or to drown.”  The wounding, killing, burning, drowning lasted two days, and very few escaped.  The landward pursuit extended for three or four leagues around, so that the roads and pastures were covered with bodies, with corslets, and other weapons.  Count Louis himself stripped off his clothes, and made his escape, when all was over, by swimming across the Ems.  With the paltry remnant of his troops he again took refuge in Germany.

The Spanish army, two days afterwards, marched back to Groningen.  The page which records their victorious campaign is foul with outrage and red with blood.  None of the horrors which accompany the passage of hostile troops through a defenceless country were omitted.  Maids and matrons were ravished in multitudes; old men butchered in cold blood.  As Alva returned, with the rear-guard of his army, the whole sky was red with a constant conflagration; the very earth seemed changed to ashes.  Every peasant’s hovel, every farm-house, every village upon the road had been burned to the ground.  So gross and so extensive had been the outrage, that the commander-in-chief felt it due to his dignity to hang some of his own soldiers who had most distinguished themselves in this work.  Thus ended the campaign of Count Louis in Friesland.  Thus signally and terribly had the Duke of Alva vindicated the supremacy of Spanish discipline and of his own military skill.

On his return to Groningen, the estates were summoned, and received a severe lecture for their suspicious demeanour in regard to the rebellion.  In order more effectually to control both province and city, the Governor-general ordered the construction of a strong fortress, which was soon begun but never completed.  Having thus furnished himself with a key to this important and doubtful region, he returned by way of Amsterdam to Utrecht.  There he was met by his son Frederic with strong reinforcements.  The Duke reviewed his whole army, and found himself at the head of 30,000 infantry and 7,000 cavalry.  Having fully subdued the province, he had no occupation for such a force, but he improved the opportunity by cutting off the head of an old woman in Utrecht.  The Vrow van Diemen, eighteen months previously, had given the preacher Arendsoon a night’s lodging in her