The debate grew more stormy every hour.  Spinola expressed great indignation that the Netherlanders should be so obstinate upon this point.  The tall, spare President arose in wrath from his seat at the council-board, loudly protesting that the King of Spain would never renounce his sovereignty over the provinces until they had forsworn the India trade; and with this menace stalked out of the room.

The States’ commissioners were not frightened.  Barneveld was at least a match for Richardot, and it was better, after all, that the cards should be played upon the table.  Subsequent meetings were quite as violent as the first, the country was agitated far and wide, the prospects of pacification dwindled to a speck in the remote horizon.  Arguments at the Board of Conference, debates in the States-General, pamphlets by merchants and advocates—­especially several emanating from the East India Company—­handled the great topic from every point of view, and it became more and more evident that Spain could not be more resolute to prohibit than the republic to claim the trade.

It was an absolute necessity, so it was urged, for the Hollanders to resist the tyrannical dominion of the Spaniards.  But this would be impossible for them, should they rely on the slender natural resources of their own land.  Not a sixth part of the population could be nourished from the soil.  The ocean was their inheritance, their birthright, their empire.  It was necessary that Spain should understand this first, last, and always.  She ought to comprehend, too, that her recognition of Dutch independence was not a gift, but the acknowledgment of a fact.  Without that acknowledgment peace was impossible.  If peace were to be established, it was not to be bought by either party.  Each gave and each received, and certainly Spain was in no condition to dictate the terms of a sale.  Peace, without freedom of commerce, would be merely war without killing, and therefore without result.  The Netherlanders, who in the middle of the previous century had risen against unjust taxation and arbitrary laws, had not grown so vile as to accept from a vanquished foe what they had spurned from their prince.  To be exiled from the ocean was an unimaginable position for the republic.  Moreover, to retire from the Indies would be to abandon her Oriental allies, and would be a dishonour as well us a disaster.  Her good faith, never yet contaminated, would be stained, were she now to desert the distant peoples and potentates with whom she had formed treaties of friendship and commerce, and hand them over to the vengeance of the Spaniards and Portuguese.

And what a trade it was which the United Provinces were thus called upon to renounce!  The foreign commerce of no other nation could be compared in magnitude to that of their commonwealth.  Twenty ships traded regularly to Guinea, eighty to the Cape de Verd Islands, twenty to America, and forty to the East Indies.  Ten thousand sailors, who gained their living in this traffic, would be thrown out of employment, if the States should now listen to the Spanish propositions.