therefore, towards the close of Philip ii.’s reign, it became necessary to renounce the carrying trade with Spain and Portugal, by which the communication with India and China was effected, or else to submit to the confiscation of Dutch ships in Spanish ports, and the confinement of Dutch sailors in the dungeons of the Inquisition, a more serious dilemma was presented to the statesmen of the Netherlands than they had ever been called upon to solve.

For the splendid fiction of the Spanish lake was still a formidable fact.  Not only were the Portuguese and Spaniards almost the only direct traders to the distant East, but even had no obstacles been interposed by Government, the exclusive possession of information as to the course of trade, the pre-eminent practical knowledge acquired by long experience of that dangerous highway around the world at a time when oceanic navigation was still in its infancy, would have given a monopoly of the traffic to the descendants of the bold discoverers who first opened the great path to the world’s commerce.

The Hollanders as a nation had never been engaged in the direct trade around the Cape of Good Hope.  Fortunately however at this crisis in their commercial destiny there was a single Hollander who had thoroughly learned the lesson which it was so necessary that all his countrymen should now be taught.  Few men of that period deserve a more kindly and more honourable remembrance by posterity for their contributions to science and the progress of civilization than John Huygen van Linschoten, son of a plain burgher of West Friesland.  Having always felt a strong impulse to study foreign history and distant nations and customs; he resolved at the early age of seventeen “to absent himself from his fatherland, and from the conversation of friends and relatives,” in order to gratify this inclination for self-improvement.  After a residence of two years in Lisbon he departed for India in the suite of the Archbishop of Goa, and remained in the East for nearly thirteen years.  Diligently examining all the strange phenomena which came under his observation and patiently recording the results of his researches day by day and year by year, he amassed a fund of information which he modestly intended for the entertainment of his friends when he should return to his native country.  It was his wish that “without stirring from their firesides or counting-houses” they might participate with him in the gratification and instruction to be derived from looking upon a world then so strange, and for Europeans still so new.  He described the manners and customs, the laws, the religions, the social and political institutions, of the ancient races who dwelt in either peninsula of India.  He studied the natural history, the botany, the geography of all the regions which he visited.  Especially the products which formed the material of a great traffic; the system of culture, the means of transportation, and