These were the chief military phenomena in France and Flanders during three years of the great struggle to establish Philip’s universal dominion.

CHAPTER XXVII.

Negotiations between Queen Elizabeth and the States—­Aspect of affair between England and the Netherlands—­Complaints of the Hollanders on the piratical acts of the English—­The Dutch Envoy and the English Government—­Caron’s interview with Elizabeth—­The Queen promises redress of grievances.

It is now necessary to cast a glance at certain negotiations on delicate topics which had meantime been occurring between Queen Elizabeth and the States.

England and the republic were bound together by ties so close that it was impossible for either to injure the other without inflicting a corresponding damage on itself.  Nevertheless this very community of interest, combined with a close national relationship—­for in the European family the Netherlanders and English were but cousins twice removed—­with similarity of pursuits, with commercial jealousy, with an intense and ever growing rivalry for that supremacy on the ocean towards which the monarchy and the republic were so earnestly struggling, with a common passion for civil and religious freedom, and with that inveterate habit of self-assertion—­the healthful but not engaging attribute of all vigorous nations—­which strongly marked them both, was rapidly producing an antipathy between the two countries which time was likely rather to deepen than efface.  And the national divergences were as potent as the traits of resemblance in creating this antagonism.

The democratic element was expanding itself in the republic so rapidly as to stifle for a time the oligarchical principle which might one day be developed out of the same matrix; while, despite the hardy and adventurous spirit which characterised the English nation throughout all its grades, there was never a more intensely aristocratic influence in the world than the governing and directing spirit of the England of that age.

It was impossible that the courtiers of Elizabeth and the burgher-statesmen of Holland and Friesland should sympathize with each other in sentiment or in manner.  The republicans in their exuberant consciousness of having at last got rid of kings and kingly paraphernalia in their own, land—­for since the rejection of the sovereignty offered to France and England in 1585 this feeling had become so predominant as to make it difficult to believe that those offers had been in reality so recent—­were insensibly adopting a frankness, perhaps a roughness, of political and social demeanour which was far from palatable to the euphuistic formalists of other, countries.

Especially the English statesmen, trained to approach their sovereign with almost Oriental humility, and accustomed to exact for themselves a large amount of deference, could ill brook the free and easy tone occasionally adopted in diplomatic and official intercourse by these upstart republicans.