their wheat, rye, butter, and beef, against the exact sum which the Board of Schepens thought proper to consider a reasonable remuneration.  Moreover, in order to prevent the accumulation of provisions in private magazines, it was enacted, that all consumers of grain should be compelled to make their purchases directly from the ships.  These two measures were almost as fatal as the preservation of the Blaw-garen Dyke, in the interest of the butchers.  Winter and famine were staring the city in the face, and the maximum now stood sentinel against the gate, to prevent the admission of food.  The traffic ceased without a struggle.  Parma himself could not have better arranged the blockade.

Meantime a vast and almost general inundation had taken place.  The aspect of the country for many miles around was strange and desolate.  The sluices had been opened in the neighbourhood of Saftingen, on, the Flemish side, so that all the way from Hulst the waters were out, and flowed nearly to the gates of Antwerp.  A wide and shallow sea rolled over the fertile plains, while church-steeples, the tops of lofty trees, and here and there the turrets of a castle, scarcely lifted themselves above the black waters; the peasants’ houses, the granges, whole rural villages, having entirely disappeared.  The high grounds of Doel, of Kalloo, and Beveren, where Alexander was established, remained out of reach of the flood.  Far below, on the opposite side of the river, other sluices had been opened, and the sea had burst over the wide, level plain.  The villages of Wilmerdonk, Orderen, Ekeren, were changed to islands in the ocean, while all the other hamlets, for miles around, were utterly submerged.

Still, however, the Blaw-garen Dyke and its companion the Kowenstyn remained obstinately above the waters, forming a present and more fatal obstruction to the communication between Antwerp and Zeeland than would be furnished even by the threatened and secretly-advancing bridge across the Scheldt.  Had Orange’s prudent advice been taken, the city had been safe.  Over the prostrate dykes, whose destruction he had so warmly urged, the ocean would have rolled quite to the gates of Antwerp, and it would have been as easy to bridge the North Sea as to control the free navigation of the patriots over so wide a surface.

When it was too late, the butchers, and colonels, and captains, became penitent enough.  An order was passed, by acclamation, in November, to do what Orange had recommended in June.  It was decreed that the Blaw-garen and the Kowenstyn should be pierced.  Alas, the hour had long gone by.  Alexander of Parma was not the man to undertake the construction of a bridge across the river, at a vast expense, and at the same time to permit the destruction of the already existing barrier.  There had been a time for such a deed.  The Seigneur de Kowenstyn, who had a castle and manor on and near the dyke which bore his name, had repeatedly urged upon the Antwerp