the regular working machinery by which his absolute
kingship and his superhuman will expressed themselves.
A tribunal which performed its functions with a celerity,
certainty, and invisibility resembling the attributes
of Omnipotence; which, like the pestilence, entered
palace or hovel at will, and which smote the wretch
guilty or suspected of heresy with a precision against
which no human ingenuity or sympathy could guard—such
an institution could not but be dear to his heart.
It was inevitable that the extension and perpetuation
of what he deemed its blessings throughout his dominions
should be his settled purpose. Spain was governed
by an established terrorism. It is a mistake
to suppose that Philip was essentially beloved in
his native land, or that his religious and political
system was heartily accepted because consonant to the
national character. On the contrary, as has
been shown, a very large proportion of the inhabitants
were either secretly false to the Catholic faith, or
descended at least from those who had expiated their
hostility to it with their lives. But the Grand
Inquisitor was almost as awful a personage; as the
king or the pope. His familiars were in every
village and at every fireside, and from their fangs
there was no escape. Millions of Spaniards would
have rebelled against the crown or accepted the reformed
religion, had they not been perfectly certain of being
burned or hanged at the slightest movement in such
a direction. The popular force in the course
of the political combinations of centuries seemed at
last to have been eliminated. The nobles, exempt
from taxation, which crushed the people to the earth,
were the enemies rather than the chieftains and champions
of the lower classes in any possible struggle with
a crown to which they were united by ties of interest
as well as of affection, while the great churchmen,
too, were the immediate dependants and of course the
firm supporters of the king. Thus the people,
without natural leaders, without organisation, and
themselves divided into two mutually hostile sections,
were opposed by every force in the State. Crown,
nobility, and clergy; all the wealth and all that
there was of learning, were banded together to suppress
the democratic principle. But even this would
hardly have sufficed to extinguish every spark of liberty,
had it not been for the potent machinery of the Inquisition;
nor could that perfection of terrorism have become
an established institution but for the extraordinary
mixture of pride and superstition of which the national
character had been, in the course of the national history,
compounded. The Spanish portion of the people
hated the nobles, whose petty exactions and oppressions
were always visible; but they had a reverential fear
of the unseen monarch, as the representative both
of the great unsullied Christian nation to which the
meanest individual was proud to belong, and of the
God of wrath who had decreed the extermination of all