as officers; mentioned the name of the particular province to which they belonged, as well as that of the States-Generals.  It thus appears that, especially after Maurice’s first and successful campaigns; the supreme authority over the army really belonged to the States-General, and that the powers of the state-council in this regard fell, in the course of four years, more and more into the back-ground, and at last disappeared almost entirely.  During the active period of the war, however; the effect of this revolution was in fact rather a greater concentration of military power than its dispersion, for the States-General meant simply the province of Holland.  Holland was the republic.

The organisation of the infantry was very simple.  The tactical unit was the company.  A temporary combination of several companies—­made a regiment, commanded by a colonel or lieutenant-colonel, but for such regiments there was no regular organisation.  Sometimes six or seven companies were thus combined, sometimes three times that number, but the strength of a force, however large, was always estimated by the number of companies, not of regiments.

The normal strength of an infantry company, at the beginning of Maurice’s career, may be stated at one hundred and thirteen, commanded by one captain, one lieutenant, one ensign, and by the usual non-commissioned officers.  Each company was composed of musketeers, harquebusseers, pikemen, halberdeers, and buckler-men.  Long after, portable firearms had come into use, the greater portion of foot soldiers continued to be armed with pikes, until the introduction of the fixed bayonet enabled the musketeer to do likewise the duty of pikeman.  Maurice was among the first to appreciate the advantage of portable firearms, and he accordingly increased the proportion of soldiers armed with the musket in his companies.  In a company of a hundred and thirteen, including officers, he had sixty-four armed with firelocks to thirty carrying pikes and halberds.  As before his time the proportion between the arms had been nearly even; he thus more than doubled the number of firearms.

Of these weapons there were two sorts, the musket and the harquebus.  The musket was a long, heavy, unmanageable instrument.  When fired it was-placed upon an iron gaffle or fork, which:  the soldier carried with him, and stuck before him into the ground.  The bullets of the musket were twelve to the pound.

The harquebus—­or hak-bus, hook-gun, so called because of the hook in the front part of the barrel to give steadiness in firing—­was much lighter, was discharged from the hand; and carried bullets of twenty-four to the pound.  Both weapons had matchlocks.

The pike was eighteen feet long at least, and pikemen as well as halberdsmen carried rapiers.

There were three buckler-men to each company, introduced by Maurice for the personal protection of the leader of the company.  The prince was often attended by one himself, and, on at least one memorable occasion, was indebted to this shield for the preservation of his life.