Dangerous Discord in North Holland—­Leicester’s Resignation arrives —­Enmity of Willoughby and Maurice—­Willoughby’s dark Picture of Affairs—­Hatred between States and Leicestrians—­Maurice’s Answer to the Queen’s Charges—­End of Sonoy’s Rebellion—­Philip foments the Civil War in France—­League’s Threats and Plots against Henry—­Mucio arrives in Paris—­He is received with Enthusiasm—­The King flies, and Spain triumphs in Paris—­States expostulate with the Queen—­ English Statesmen still deceived—­Deputies from Netherland Churches —­Hold Conference with the Queen—­And present long Memorials—­More Conversations with the Queen—­National Spirit of England and Holland—­Dissatisfaction with Queen’s Course—­Bitter Complaints of Lord Howard—­Want of Preparation in Army and Navy—­Sanguine Statements of Leicester—­Activity of Parma—­The painful Suspense continues.

But it is necessary-in order to obtain a complete picture of that famous year 1588, and to understand the cause from which such great events were springing—­to cast a glance at the internal politics of the States most involved in Philip’s meshes.

Certainly, if there had ever been a time when the new commonwealth of the Netherlands should be both united in itself and on thoroughly friendly terms with England, it was exactly that epoch of which we are treating.  There could be no reasonable doubt that the designs of Spain against England were hostile, and against Holland revengeful.  It was at least possible that Philip meant to undertake the conquest of England, and to undertake it as a stepping-stone to the conquest of Holland.  Both the kingdom and the republic should have been alert, armed, full of suspicion towards the common foe, full of confidence in each other.  What decisive blows might have been struck against Parma in the Netherlands, when his troops were starving, sickly, and mutinous, if the Hollanders and Englishmen had been united under one chieftain, and thoroughly convinced of the impossibility of peace!  Could the English and Dutch statesmen of that day have read all the secrets of their great enemy’s heart, as it is our privilege at this hour to do, they would have known that in sudden and deadly strokes lay their best chance of salvation.  But, without that advantage, there were men whose sagacity told them that it was the hour for deeds and not for dreams.  For to Leicester and Walsingham, as well as to Paul Buys and Barneveld, peace with Spain seemed an idle vision.  It was unfortunate that they were overruled by Queen Elizabeth and Burghley, who still clung to that delusion; it was still more disastrous that the intrigues of Leicester had done so much to paralyze the republic; it was almost fatal that his departure, without laying down his authority, had given the signal for civil war.