HISTORY OF THE UNITED NETHERLANDS

From the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Year’s Truce—­1609

By John Lothrop Motley

History of The United Netherlands, 1585

Alexander Farnese, The Duke of Parma

CHAPTER V., Part 1.

Position and Character of Farnese—­Preparations for Antwerp Siege—­ Its Characteristics—­Foresight of William the Silent—­Sainte Aldegonde, the Burgomaster—­Anarchy in Antwerp—­Character of Sainte Aldegonde—­Admiral Treslong—­Justinus de Nassau—­Hohenlo—­Opposition to the Plan of Orange—­Liefkenshoek—­Head—­Quarters of Parma at Kalloo—­Difficulty of supplying the City—­Results of not piercing the Dykes—­Preliminaries of the Siege—­Successes of the Spaniards—­ Energy of Farnese with Sword and Pen—­His Correspondence with the Antwerpers—­Progress of the Bridge—­Impoverished Condition of Parma —­Patriots attempt Bois-le-Duc—­Their Misconduct—­Failure of the Enterprise—­The Scheldt Bridge completed—­Description of the Structure

The negotiations between France and the Netherlands have been massed, in order to present a connected and distinct view of the relative attitude of the different countries of Europe.  The conferences and diplomatic protocolling had resulted in nothing positive; but it is very necessary for the reader to understand the negative effects of all this dissimulation and palace-politics upon the destiny of the new commonwealth, and upon Christendom at large.  The League had now achieved a great triumph; the King of France had virtually abdicated, and it was now requisite for the King of Navarre, the Netherlands, and Queen Elizabeth, to draw more closely together than before, if the last hope of forming a counter-league were not to be abandoned.  The next step in political combination was therefore a solemn embassy of the States-General to England.  Before detailing those negotiations, however, it is proper to direct attention to the external public events which had been unrolling themselves in the Provinces, contemporaneously with the secret history which has been detailed in the preceding chapters.

By presenting in their natural groupings various distinct occurrences, rather than by detailing them in strict chronological order, a clearer view of the whole picture will be furnished than could be done by intermingling personages, transactions, and scenery, according to the arbitrary command of Time alone.

The Netherlands, by the death of Orange, had been left without a head.  On the other hand, the Spanish party had never been so fortunate in their chief at any period since the destiny of the two nations had been blended with each other.  Alexander Farnese, Prince of Parma, was a general and a politician, whose character had been steadily ripening since he came into the command of the country.  He was now thirty-seven