of all the British Islands.  And in the midst of England itself, conspiracies were weaving every day.  The mortal duel between the two queens was slowly approaching its termination.  In the fatal form of Mary was embodied everything most perilous to England’s glory and to England’s Queen.  Mary Stuart meant absolutism at home, subjection to Rome and Spain abroad.  The uncle Guises were stipendiaries of Philip, Philip was the slave of the Pope.  Mucio had frightened the unlucky Henry III. into submission, and there was no health nor hope in France.  For England, Mary Stuart embodied the possible relapse into sloth, dependence, barbarism.  For Elizabeth, Mary Stuart embodied sedition, conspiracy, rebellion, battle, murder, and sudden death.

It was not to be wondered at that the Queen thus situated should be cautious, when about throwing down the gauntlet to the greatest powers of the earth.  Yet the commissioners from the United States were now on their way to England to propose the throwing of that gauntlet.  What now was that England?

Its population was, perhaps, not greater than the numbers which dwell to-day within its capital and immediate suburbs.  Its revenue was perhaps equal to the sixtieth part of the annual interest on the present national debt.  Single, highly-favoured individuals, not only in England but in other countries cis-and trans-Atlantic, enjoy incomes equal to more than half the amount of Elizabeth’s annual budget.  London, then containing perhaps one hundred and fifty thousand inhabitants, was hardly so imposing a town as Antwerp, and was inferior in most material respects to Paris and Lisbon.  Forty-two hundred children were born every year within its precincts, and the deaths were nearly as many.  In plague years, which were only too frequent, as many as twenty and even thirty thousand people had been annually swept away.

At the present epoch there are seventeen hundred births every week, and about one thousand deaths.

It is instructive to throw a glance at the character of the English people as it appeared to intelligent foreigners at that day; for the various parts of the world were not then so closely blended, nor did national colours and characteristics flow so liquidly into each other, as is the case in these days of intimate juxta-position.

“The English are a very clever, handsome, and well-made people,” says a learned Antwerp historian and merchant, who had resided a long time in London, “but, like all islanders, by nature weak and tender.  They are generally fair, particularly the women, who all—­even to the peasant women—­protect their complexions from the sun with fans and veils, as only the stately gentlewomen do in Germany and the Netherlands.  As a people they are stout-hearted, vehement, eager, cruel in war, zealous in attack, little fearing:  death; not revengeful, but fickle, presumptuous, rash, boastful, deceitful, very suspicious, especially of strangers,