me, in presence of Lord Leicester, that her Majesty was determined to await the issue of this enterprise.  It was quite too late to get troops in readiness; to co-operate with the States’ army, so soon as the 10th May, and as Antwerp was so sure to be relieved, there was no pressing necessity for haste.  I uttered most bitter complaints to these lords and to other counsellors of the Queen, that she should thus draw back, on account of a letter from a single individual, without paying sufficient heed to the despatches from the States-General, who certainly knew their own affairs and their own necessities better than any one else could do, but her Majesty sticks firm to her resolution.”

Here were immense mistakes committed on all sides.  The premature shooting up of those three rockets from the cathedral-tower, on the unlucky 10th May, had thus not only ruined the first assault against the Kowenstyn, but also the second and the more promising adventure.  Had the four thousand bold Englishmen there enlisted, and who could have reached the Provinces in time to cooperate in that great enterprise, have stood side by side with the Hollanders, the Zeelanders, and the Antwerpers, upon that fatal dyke, it is almost a certainty that Antwerp would have been relieved, and the whole of Flanders and Brabant permanently annexed to the independent commonwealth, which would have thus assumed at once most imposing proportions.

It was a great blunder of Sainte Aldegonde to station in the cathedral, on so important an occasion, watchmen in whose judgment he could not thoroughly rely.  It was a blunder in Gilpin, intelligent as he generally showed himself, to write in such sanguine style before the event.  But it was the greatest blunder of all for Queen Elizabeth to suspend her cooperation at the very instant when, as the result showed, it was likely to prove most successful.  It was a chapter of blunders from first to last, but the most fatal of all the errors was the one thus prompted by the great Queen’s most traitorous characteristic, her obstinate parsimony.

And now began a series of sharp chafferings on both sides, not very much to the credit of either party.  The kingdom of England, and the rebellious Provinces of Spain, were drawn to each other by an irresistible law of political attraction.  Their absorption into each other seemed natural and almost inevitable; and the weight of the strong Protestant organism, had it been thus completed, might have balanced the great Catholic League which was clustering about Spain.

It was unfortunate that the two governments of England and the Netherlands should now assume the attitude of traders driving a hard bargain with each other, rather than that of two important commonwealths, upon whose action, at that momentous epoch, the weal and wo of Christendom was hanging.  It is quite true that the danger to England was great, but that danger in any event was to be confronted—­Philip