Twelve days’ march carried the army through Burgundy, twelve more through Lorraine.  During the whole of the journey they were closely accompanied by a force of cavalry and infantry, ordered upon this service by the King of France, who, for fear of exciting a fresh Huguenot demonstration, had refused the Spaniards a passage through his dominions.  This reconnoitring army kept pace with them like their shadow, and watched all their movements.  A force of six thousand Swiss, equally alarmed and uneasy at the progress of the troops, hovered likewise about their flanks, without, however, offering any impediment to their advance.  Before the middle of August they had reached Thionville, on the Luxemburg frontier, having on the last day marched a distance of two leagues through a forest, which seemed expressly arranged to allow a small defensive force to embarrass and destroy an invading army.  No opposition, however, was attempted, and the Spanish soldiers encamped at last within the territory of the Netherlands, having accomplished their adventurous journey in entire safety, and under perfect discipline.

The Duchess had in her secret letters to Philip continued to express her disapprobation of the enterprise thus committed to Alva, She had bitterly complained that now when the country had been pacified by her efforts, another should be sent to reap all the glory, or perhaps to undo all that she had so painfully and so successfully done.  She stated to her brother, in most unequivocal language, that the name of Alva was odious enough to make the whole Spanish nation detested in the Netherlands.  She could find no language sufficiently strong to express her surprise that the King should have decided upon a measure likely to be attended with such fatal consequences without consulting her on the subject, and in opposition to what had been her uniform advice.  She also wrote personally to Alva, imploring, commanding, and threatening, but with equally ill success.  The Duke knew too well who was sovereign of the Netherlands now; his master’s sister or himself.  As to the effects of his armed invasion upon the temper of the provinces, he was supremely indifferent.  He came as a conqueror not as a mediator.  “I have tamed people of iron in my day,” said he, contemptuously, “shall I not easily crush these men of butter?”

At Thionville he was, however, officially waited upon by Berlaymont and Noircarmes, on the part of the Regent.  He at this point, moreover, began to receive deputations from various cities, bidding him a hollow and trembling welcome, and deprecating his displeasure for any thing in the past which might seem offensive.  To all such embassies he replied in vague and conventional language; saying, however, to his confidential attendants:  I am here, so much is certain, whether I am welcome or not is to me a matter of little consequence.  At Tirlemont, on the 22d August, he was met by Count Egmont, who had ridden forth from Brussels to show