Moreover, her husband was very desirous that the citadel of Piacenza, still garrisoned by Spanish troops, should be surrendered to him.  Philip was disposed to conciliate the Duke, but unwilling to give up the fortress.  He felt that Ottavio would be flattered by the nomination of his wife to so important an office, and be not too much dissatisfied at finding himself relieved for a time from her imperious fondness.  Her residence in the Netherlands would guarantee domestic tranquillity to her husband, and peace in Italy to the King.  Margaret would be a hostage for the fidelity of the Duke, who had, moreover, given his eldest son to Philip to be educated in his service.

She was about thirty-seven years of age when she arrived in the Netherlands, with the reputation of possessing high talents, and a proud and energetic character.  She was an enthusiastic Catholic, and had sat at the feet of Loyola, who had been her confessor and spiritual guide.  She felt a greater horror for heretics than for any other species of malefactors, and looked up to her father’s bloody edicts as if they had been special revelations from on high.  She was most strenuous in her observance of Roman rites, and was accustomed to wash the feet of twelve virgins every holy week, and to endow them in marriage afterwards.—­Her acquirements, save that of the art of horsemanship, were not remarkable.

Carefully educated in the Machiavellian and Medicean school of politics, she was versed in that “dissimulation,” to which liberal Anglo-Saxons give a shorter name, but which formed the main substance of statesmanship at the court of Charles and Philip.  In other respects her accomplishments were but meagre, and she had little acquaintance with any language but Italian.  Her personal appearance, which was masculine, but not without a certain grand and imperial fascination, harmonized with the opinion generally entertained of her character.  The famous moustache upon her upper lips was supposed to indicate authority and virility of purpose, an impression which was confirmed by the circumstance that she was liable to severe attacks of gout, a disorder usually considered more appropriate to the sterner sex.

Such were the previous career and public reputation of the Duchess Margaret.  It remains to be unfolded whether her character and endowments, as exemplified in her new position, were to justify the choice of Philip.

The members of the state council, as already observed, were Berlaymont, Viglius, Arras, Orange, and Egmont.

The first was, likewise, chief of the finance department.  Most of the Catholic writers described him as a noble of loyal and highly honorable character.  Those of the Protestant party, on the contrary, uniformly denounced him as greedy, avaricious, and extremely sanguinary.  That he was a brave and devoted soldier, a bitter papist, and an inflexible adherent to the royal cause, has never been disputed.  The Baron