“multos numerabis amicos,
               Tempera cum erunt nubila, nullus erit,”

and he was this summer doomed to a still harder deprivation by the final departure of his brother John from the Netherlands.

The Count had been wearied out by petty miseries.  His stadholderate of Gelderland had overwhelmed him with annoyance, for throughout the north-eastern provinces there was neither system nor subordination.  The magistrates could exercise no authority over an army which they did not pay, or a people whom they did not protect.  There were endless quarrels between the various boards of municipal and provincial government—­ particularly concerning contributions and expenditures.

[When the extraordinary generosity of the Count himself; and the altogether unexampled sacrifices of the Prince are taken into account, it may well be supposed that the patience of the brothers would be sorely tried by the parsimony of the states.  It appears by a document laid before the states-general in the winter of 1580- 1581, that the Count had himself advanced to Orange 570,000 florins in the cause.  The total of money spent by the Prince himself for the sake of Netherland liberty was 2,200,000.  These vast sums had been raised in various ways and from various personages.  His estates were deeply hypothecated, and his creditors so troublesome, that, in his own language, he was unable to attend properly to public affairs, so frequent and so threatening were the applications made upon him for payment.  Day by day he felt the necessity advancing more closely upon him of placing himself personally in the hands of his creditors and making over his estates to their mercy until the uttermost farthing should be paid.  In his two campaigns against Alva (1568 and 1572) he had spent 1,050,000 florins.  He owed the Elector Palatine 150,000 florins, the Landgrave 60,000, Count John 670,000, and other sums to other individuals.]

During this wrangling, the country was exposed to the forces of Parma, to the private efforts of the Malcontents, to the unpaid soldiery of the states, to the armed and rebellious peasantry.  Little heed was paid to the admonitions of Count John, who was of a hotter temper than was the tranquil Prince.  The stadholder gave way to fits of passion at the meanness and the insolence to which he was constantly exposed.  He readily recognized his infirmity, and confessed himself unable to accommodate his irascibility to the “humores” of the inhabitants.  There was often sufficient cause for his petulance.  Never had praetor of a province a more penurious civil list.  “The baker has given notice,” wrote Count John, in November, “that he will supply no more bread after to-morrow, unless he is paid.”  The states would furnish no money to pay the, bill.  It was no better with the butcher.  “The cook has often no meat to roast,” said the Count, in the same letter, “so