of Holland, with the deputies from the cities and countships of Holland and Zealand, had been duly summoned by the Prince of Orange.  They as fairly included all the political capacities, and furnished as copious a representation of the national will, as could be expected, for it is apparent upon every page of his history, that the Prince, upon all occasions, chose to refer his policy to the approval and confirmation of as large a portion of the people as any man in those days considered capable or desirous of exercising political functions.

The new, union consisted of eighteen articles.  It was established that deputies from all the estates should meet, when summoned by the Prince of Orange or otherwise, on penalty of fine, and at the risk of measures binding upon them being passed by the rest of the Congress.  Freshly arising causes of litigation were to be referred to the Prince.  Free intercourse and traffic through the united provinces was guaranteed.  The confederates were mutually to assist each other in preventing all injustice, wrong, or violence, even towards an enemy.  The authority of law and the pure administration of justice were mutually promised by the contracting states.  The common expenses were to be apportioned among the different provinces, “as if they were all included in the republic of a single city.”  Nine commissioners, appointed by the Prince on nomination by the estates, were to sit permanently, as his advisers, and as assessors and collectors of the taxes.  The tenure of the union was from six months to six months, with six weeks notice.

The framers of this compact having thus defined the general outlines of the confederacy, declared that the government, thus constituted, should be placed under a single head.  They accordingly conferred supreme authority on the Prince, defining his powers in eighteen articles.  He was declared chief commander by land and sea.  He was to appoint all officers, from generals to subalterns, and to pay them at his discretion.  The whole protection of the land was devolved upon him.  He was to send garrisons or troops into every city and village at his pleasure, without advice or consent of the estates, magistrates of the cities, or any other persons whatsoever.  He was, in behalf of the King as Count of Holland and Zealand, to cause justice to be administered by the supreme court.  In the same capacity he was to provide for vacancies in all political and judicial offices of importance, choosing, with the advice of the estates, one officer for each vacant post out of three candidates nominated to him by that body.  He was to appoint and renew, at the usual times, the magistracies in the cities, according to the ancient constitutions.  He was to make changes in those boards, if necessary, at unusual times, with consent of the majority of those representing the great council and corpus of the said cities.  He was to uphold the authority and pre-eminence of