Meantime, in the autumn of 1569, Orange had again reached Germany.  Paul Buys, Pensionary of Leyden, had kept him constantly informed of the state of affairs in the provinces.  Through his means an extensive correspondence was organized and maintained with leading persons in every part of the Netherlands.  The conventional terms by which different matters and persons of importance were designated in these letters were familiarly known to all friends of the cause, not only in the provinces, but in France, England, Germany, and particularly in the great commercial cities.  The Prince, for example, was always designated as Martin Willemzoon, the Duke of Alva as Master Powels van Alblas, the Queen of England as Henry Philipzoon, the King of Denmark as Peter Peterson.  The twelve signs of the zodiac were used instead of the twelve months, and a great variety of similar substitutions were adopted.  Before his visit to France, Orange had, moreover, issued commissions, in his capacity of sovereign, to various seafaring persons, who were empowered to cruise against Spanish commerce.

The “beggars of the sea,” as these privateersmen designated themselves, soon acquired as terrible a name as the wild beggars, or the forest beggars; but the Prince, having had many conversations with Admiral Coligny on the important benefits to be derived from the system, had faithfully set himself to effect a reformation of its abuses after his return from France.  The Seigneur de Dolhain, who, like many other refugee nobles, had acquired much distinction in this roving corsair life, had for a season acted as Admiral for the Prince.  He had, however, resolutely declined to render any accounts of his various expeditions, and was now deprived of his command in consequence.  Gillain de Fiennes, Seigneur de Lumbres, was appointed to succeed him.  At the same time strict orders were issued by Orange, forbidding all hostile measures against the Emperor or any of the princes of the empire, against Sweden, Denmark, England, or against any potentates who were protectors of the true Christian religion.  The Duke of Alva and his adherents were designated as the only lawful antagonists.  The Prince, moreover, gave minute instructions as to the discipline to be observed in his fleet.  The articles of war were to be strictly enforced.  Each commander was to maintain a minister on board his ship, who was to preach God’s word, and to preserve Christian piety among the crew.  No one was to exercise any command in the fleet save native Netherlanders, unless thereto expressly commissioned by the Prince of Orange.  All prizes were to be divided and distributed by a prescribed rule.  No persons were to be received on board, either as sailors or soldiers, save “folk of goad name and fame.”  No man who had ever been punished of justice was to be admitted.  Such were the principal features in the organization of that infant navy which, in course of this and the following centuries, was to achieve so many triumphs,