afterwards taken from their hiding places and hung upon the gallows by the feet, some of which victims suffered four days and nights of agony before death came to their relief.  It is superfluous to add that the outrages upon women were no less universal in Zutphen than they had been in every city captured or occupied by the Spanish troops.  These horrors continued till scarcely chastity or life remained, throughout the miserable city.

This attack and massacre had been so suddenly executed, that assistance would hardly have been possible, even had there been disposition to render it.  There was; however, no such disposition.  The whole country was already cowering again, except the provinces of Holland and Zealand.  No one dared approach, even to learn what had occurred within the walls of the town, for days after its doom had been accomplished.  “A wail of agony was heard above Zutphen last Sunday,” wrote Count Nieuwenar, “a sound as of a mighty massacre, but we know not what has taken place.”

Count Van, den Bergh, another brother-in-law of Orange, proved himself signally unworthy of the illustrious race to which he was allied.  He had, in the earlier part of the year, received the homage of the cities of Gelderland and Overyssel, on behalf of the patriot Prince.  He now basely abandoned the field where he had endeavoured to gather laurels while the sun of success had been shining.  Having written from Kampen, whither he had retired, that he meant to hold the city to the last gasp, he immediately afterwards fled secretly and precipitately from the country.  In his flight he was plundered by his own people, while his wife, Mary of Nassau, then far advanced in pregnancy, was left behind, disguised as a peasant girl, in an obscure village.

With the flight of Van den Bergh, all the cities which, under his guidance, had raised the standard of Orange, deserted the cause at once.  Friesland too, where Robles obtained a victory over six thousand patriots, again submitted to the yoke.  But if the ancient heart of the free Frisians was beating thus feebly, there was still spirit left among their brethren on the other side of the Zuyder Zee.  It was not while William of Orange was within her borders, nor while her sister provinces had proved recreant to him, that Holland would follow their base example.  No rebellion being left, except in the north-western extremities of the Netherlands, Don Frederic was ordered to proceed from Zutphen to Amsterdam, thence to undertake the conquest of Holland.  The little city of Naarden, on the coast of the Zuyder Zee, lay in his path, and had not yet formally submitted.  On the 22nd of November a company of one hundred troopers was sent to the city gates to demand its surrender.  The small garrison which had been left by the Prince was not disposed to resist, but the spirit of the burghers was stouter than, their walls.  They answered the summons by a declaration that they had thus far held the city for the King and the Prince of Orange, and, with God’s help, would continue so to do.  As the horsemen departed with this reply, a lunatic, called Adrian Krankhoeft, mounted the ramparts and, discharged a culverine among them.  No man was injured, but the words of defiance, and the shot fired by a madman’s hand, were destined to be fearfully answered.