The Duke had been dissatisfied with the results of his financial arrangements.  The confiscation of banished and murdered heretics had not proved the inexhaustible mine he had boasted.  The stream of gold which was to flow perennially into the Spanish coffers, soon ceased to flow at all.  This was inevitable.  Confiscations must, of necessity, offer but a precarious supply to any treasury.  It was only the frenzy of an Alva which could imagine it possible to derive a permanent revenue from such a source.  It was, however, not to be expected that this man, whose tyranny amounted to insanity, could comprehend the intimate connection between the interests of a people and those of its rulers, and he was determined to exhibit; by still more fierce and ludicrous experiments, how easily a great soldier may become a very paltry financier.

He had already informed his royal master that, after a very short time, remittances would no longer be necessary from Spain to support the expenses of the array and government in the Netherlands.  He promised, on the contrary, that at least two millions yearly should be furnished by the provinces, over and above the cost of their administration, to enrich the treasury at home.  Another Peru had already been discovered by his ingenuity, and one which was not dependent for its golden fertility on the continuance of that heresy which it was his mission to extirpate.  His boast had been much ridiculed in Madrid, where he had more enemies than friends, and he was consequently the more eager to convert it into reality.  Nettled by the laughter with which all his schemes of political economy had been received at home, he was determined to show that his creative statesmanship was no less worthy of homage than his indisputable genius for destruction.

His scheme was nothing more than the substitution of an arbitrary system of taxation by the Crown, for the legal and constitutional right of the provinces to tax themselves.  It was not a very original thought, but it was certainly a bold one.  For although a country so prostrate might suffer the imposition of any fresh amount of tyranny, yet it was doubtful whether she had sufficient strength remaining to bear the weight after it had been imposed.  It was certain, moreover, that the new system would create a more general outcry than any which had been elicited even by the religious persecution.  There were many inhabitants who were earnest and sincere Catholics, and who therefore considered themselves safe from the hangman’s hands, while there were none who could hope to escape the gripe of the new tax-gatherers.  Yet the Governor was not the man to be daunted by the probable unpopularity of the measure.  Courage he possessed in more than mortal proportion.  He seemed to have set himself to the task of ascertaining the exact capacity of the country for wretchedness.  He was resolved accurately to gauge its width and its depth; to know how much of physical and moral