arma supersunt,” he had determined, if possible, to carve his way to glory, to wealth, and even to his hereditary estates, by his sword alone.  War was not only his passion, but his trade.  Every one of his campaigns was a speculation, and he had long derived a satisfactory income by purchasing distinguished prisoners of war at a low price from the soldiers who had captured them, and were ignorant of their rank, and by ransoming them afterwards at an immense advance.  This sort of traffic in men was frequent in that age, and was considered perfectly honorable.  Marshal Strozzi, Count Mansfeld, and other professional soldiers, derived their main income from the system.  They were naturally inclined, therefore, to look impatiently upon a state of peace as an unnatural condition of affairs which cut off all the profits of their particular branch of industry, and condemned them both to idleness and poverty.  The Duke of Savoy had become one of the most experienced and successful commanders of the age, and an especial favorite with the Emperor.  He had served with Alva in the campaigns against the Protestants of Germany, and in other important fields.  War being his element, he considered peace as undesirable, although he could recognize its existence.  A truce he held, however, to be a senseless parodox, unworthy of the slightest regard.  An armistice, such as was concluded on the February following the abdication, was, in his opinion, only to be turned to account by dealing insidious and unsuspected blows at the enemy, some portion of whose population might repose confidence in the plighted faith of monarchs and plenipotentiaries.  He had a show of reason for his political and military morality, for he only chose to execute the evil which had been practised upon himself.  His father had been beggared, his mother had died of spite and despair, he had himself been reduced from the rank of a sovereign to that of a mercenary soldier, by spoliations made in time of truce.  He was reputed a man of very decided abilities, and was distinguished for headlong bravery.  His rashness and personal daring were thought the only drawbacks to his high character as a commander.  He had many accomplishments.  He spoke Latin, French, Spanish, and Italian with equal fluency, was celebrated for his attachment to the fine arts, and wrote much and with great elegance.  Such had been Philibert of Savoy, the pauper nephew of the powerful Emperor, the adventurous and vagrant cousin of the lofty Philip, a prince without a people, a duke without a dukedom; with no hope but in warfare, with no revenue but rapine; the image, in person, of a bold and manly soldier, small, but graceful and athletic, martial in bearing, “wearing his sword under his arm like a corporal,” because an internal malady made a belt inconvenient, and ready to turn to swift account every chance which a new series of campaigns might open to him.  With his new salary as governor, his pensions, and the remains of his possessions in Nice and Piedmont, he had now the splendid annual income of one hundred thousand crowns, and was sure to spend it all.