the roaring waters with the silks,” for which the Netherlands were so famous; so that it was said that Philip and his father had impoverished the earth only to enrich the ocean.  The fleet had been laden with much valuable property, because the King had determined to fix for the future the wandering capital of his dominions in Spain.  Philip landed in safety, however, at Laredo, on the 8th September.  His escape from imminent peril confirmed him in the great purpose to which he had consecrated his existence.  He believed himself to have been reserved from shipwreck only because a mighty mission had been confided to him, and lest his enthusiasm against heresy should languish, his eyes were soon feasted, upon his arrival in his native country, with the spectacle of an auto-da fe.

Early in January of this year the King being persuaded that it was necessary every where to use additional means to check the alarming spread of Lutheran opinions, had written to the Pope for authority to increase, if that were possible, the stringency of the Spanish inquisition.  The pontiff, nothing loath, had accordingly issued a bull directed to the inquisitor general, Valdez, by which he was instructed to consign to the flames all prisoners whatever, even those who were not accused of having “relapsed.”  Great preparations had been made to strike terror into the hearts of heretics by a series of horrible exhibitions, in the course of which the numerous victims, many of them persons of high rank, distinguished learning, and exemplary lives, who had long been languishing in the dungeons of the holy office, were to be consigned to the flames.  The first auto-da fe had been consummated at Valladolid on the 21st May (1559), in the absence of the King, of course, but in the presence of the royal family and the principal notabilities, civil, ecclesiastical, and military.  The Princess Regent, seated on her throne, close to the scaffold, had held on high the holy sword.  The Archbishop of Seville, followed by the ministers of the inquisition and by the victims, had arrived in solemn procession at the “cadahalso,” where, after the usual sermon in praise of the holy office and in denunciation of heresy, he had administered the oath to the Intante, who had duly sworn upon the crucifix to maintain forever the sacred inquisition and the apostolic decrees.  The Archbishop had then cried aloud, “So may God prosper your Highnesses and your estates;” after which the men and women who formed the object of the show had been cast into the flames.—­ [Cabrera].  It being afterwards ascertained that the King himself would soon be enabled to return to Spain, the next festival was reserved as a fitting celebration for his arrival.  Upon the 8th October, accordingly, another auto-da fe took place at Valladolid.  The King, with his sister and his son, the high officers of state, the foreign ministers, and all the nobility of the kingdom, were present, together with an immense