We have seen the rise and progress of reform.  But the Holy Alliance was alive and active in those days, and few could dream of the peaceful triumph of liberty.  It seemed then that the armed assertion of freedom in the South of Europe was the only hope of the liberals, as, if it prevailed, the nations of the north would imitate the example.  Happily the reverse has proved the fact.  The countries accustomed to the exercise of the privileges of freemen, to a limited extent, have extended, and are extending, these limits.  Freedom and knowledge have now a chance of proceeding hand in hand; and, if it continue thus, we may hope for the durability of both.  Then, as I have said—­in 1821—­Shelley, as well as every other lover of liberty, looked upon the struggles in Spain and Italy as decisive of the destinies of the world, probably for centuries to come.  The interest he took in the progress of affairs was intense.  When Genoa declared itself free, his hopes were at their highest.  Day after day he read the bulletins of the Austrian army, and sought eagerly to gather tokens of its defeat.  He heard of the revolt of Genoa with emotions of transport.  His whole heart and soul were in the triumph of the cause.  We were living at Pisa at that time; and several well-informed Italians, at the head of whom we may place the celebrated Vacca, were accustomed to seek for sympathy in their hopes from Shelley:  they did not find such for the despair they too generally experienced, founded on contempt for their southern countrymen.

While the fate of the progress of the Austrian armies then invading Naples was yet in suspense, the news of another revolution filled him with exultation.  We had formed the acquaintance at Pisa of several Constantinopolitan Greeks, of the family of Prince Caradja, formerly Hospodar of Wallachia; who, hearing that the bowstring, the accustomed finale of his viceroyalty, was on the road to him, escaped with his treasures, and took up his abode in Tuscany.  Among these was the gentleman to whom the drama of “Hellas” is dedicated.  Prince Mavrocordato was warmed by those aspirations for the independence of his country which filled the hearts of many of his countrymen.  He often intimated the possibility of an insurrection in Greece; but we had no idea of its being so near at hand, when, on the 1st of April 1821, he called on Shelley, bringing the proclamation of his cousin, Prince Ypsilanti, and, radiant with exultation and delight, declared that henceforth Greece would be free.

Shelley had hymned the dawn of liberty in Spain and Naples, in two odes dictated by the warmest enthusiasm; he felt himself naturally impelled to decorate with poetry the uprise of the descendants of that people whose works he regarded with deep admiration, and to adopt the vaticinatory character in prophesying their success.  “Hellas” was written in a moment of enthusiasm.  It is curious to remark how well he overcomes the difficulty of forming a