3.  Metamorphic rocks are those that have been changed from what they were at first into something else—­by heat, pressure, or chemical action.  All kinds of rocks can be changed.  The result is a new crystalline structure, the formation of new minerals, or a change in the rock’s texture.  Slate was once shale.  Marble came from limestone.  Gneiss (pronounced “nice”) is perhaps reworked granite.

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Igneous rocks are formed at high temperatures or from molten materials.  They come from deep beneath the earth.  They can be intrusive or extrusive—­depending on where they cooled off.

Sedimentary rocks are formed by the action of wind, water, or organisms.  They usually are laid down on the bottom of rivers, lakes and seas.  Most of the earth’s surface is covered by these rocks.  Oil is found in sedimentary formations.

Metamorphic rocks have been changed from their original state into something else.  Heat, pressure, chemical action change the crystalline structure, the texture, even form new minerals.  All kinds of rock can be changed.

A Word On Fossils

Perhaps you’ll find rocks containing fossils—­or even fossils by themselves.  They should form a separate part of your collection.

Fossils are the remains—­or the outlines—­of former plant or animal life buried in rock.  The older the rock, the simpler the plant and animal life it contains.  Thus fossils can give a clue to the age of the rock strata.

Fossils can teach history.  They tell us about plants and animals that are now extinct—­the dinosaur, for example.  They can also tell of ancient climates.  Coral found in rocks in Greenland suggests it must have once been warm.  Remains of fir and spruce trees have been found in the tropics.

How are fossils formed?  Teeth, bone and wood don’t last long in their original state.  However, buried materials decompose, leaving a film of carbon as a fossil.  This results in a leaf tracery, or the outlines of some simple animal.  On a gigantic scale, this process of forming carbon has resulted in our great coal deposits.

Sometimes the buried material is gradually replaced by silica or other substances, making petrified objects.  Wood can be replaced—­cell by cell—­by agate or opal from silica-bearing water.  The result is petrified wood, the finest examples of which can be found in our Petrified Forest National Park in Arizona.  This can happen to shells, too.

How about molds and casts of footprints of ancient animals?  A brontosaurus might have stomped along in soft, warm mud eons ago.  The mud hardened and later another layer of soft earth covered the print, preserving it.

COLLECTING

If you want to collect rocks and minerals just for the sake of having them, you can buy specimens.  Many can be purchased for 25 cents to $1 each, while a rare specimen can cost hundreds of dollars.