***************************************** 3.  Compare Du Cange, s. v.  “Judaei;” also Reuter, Gesch. d.  Aufklaerung im Mittelalter, i. 154 seq.  In spite of all the legal restrictions laid upon them, the Jews still continued to have great influence with the princes, and more especially with the popes, of the Middle Ages. *****************************************

The difference of religion elicited a well-marked religious hate with oft-repeated deadly outbreaks, especially during the period of the crusades, and afterwards when the Black Death was raging (1348-50).  Practical consequences like these the Church of course did not countenance; the popes set themselves against persecutions of the Jews, 4

***************************************** 4.  Decr. ii. 23, 8, 9.  Alexander II. omnibus episeopis Hispaniae:  Dispar...est Judaeorum et Sarracenorum eausa; in illos enim, qui Christianos persequuntur et ex urbibus et propriis sedibus pellunt, juste pugnatur, hi vero ubique servire parati sunt. ********************************************

but with imperfect success.  The popular aversion rested by no means exclusively on religious considerations; worldly motives were also present.  The Jews of that period had in a still higher degree than now the control of financial affairs in their hands; and they used it without scruple.  The Church herself had unintentionally given them a monopoly of the money market, by forbidding Christians to take interest. 5

******************************************** 5.  Decretal.  Greg. v. 19, 18.  Innocent III. in name of the Lateran Council:  Quanto amplius Christiana religio ab exactione compescitur usurarum, tanto gravisu super his Judaeorum perfidia insolescit, ita quod brevi tempore Christianorum exhauriunt facultates.  Volentes igitur in hac parse prospicere Christianis, ne a Judaeis immaniter aggraventur, synodali decreto statuimus, ut, si de caetero quocunque praetextu Judaaei a Christianis graves immoderatasve usuras extorserint, Christianorum eis participium subtrahatur, donec de immoderato gravamine satisfecerint competenter....  Principibus autem injungimus, ut propter hoc non sint Christianis infesti, sed potius a tanto gravamine studeant cohibere Judaeos. ******************************************

In this way the Jews became rich indeed, but at the same time made themselves still more repugnant to the Christian population than they previously were by reason of their religion.

Having, according to the later mediaeval system, no rights in the Christian state, the Jews were tolerated only in those territories where the sovereign in the exercise of free favour accorded them protection.  This protection was granted them in many quarters, but never for nothing; numerous and various taxes, which could be raised or changed in a perfectly arbitrary way, were exacted in exchange.  But in countries where the feeling of nationality attained to a vigorous