31.  Let us now see how this phenomenon agrees with our tenets.  The eye the nearer it is placed to the point B in the foregoing figures, the more distinct is the appearance of the object; but as it recedes to O the appearance grows more confused; and at P it sees the object yet more confused; and so on till the eye being brought back to Z sees the object in the greatest confusion of all.  Wherefore by sect. 21 the object should seem to approach the eye gradually as it recedes from the point B, that is, at O it should (in consequence of the principle I have laid down in the aforesaid section) seem nearer than it did at B, and at P nearer than at 0, and at Q nearer than at P; and so on, till it quite vanishes at Z. Which is the very matter of fact, as anyone that pleases may easily satisfy himself by experiment.

32.  This case is much the same as if we should suppose an Englishman to meet a foreigner who used the same words with the English, but in a direct contrary signification.  The Englishman would not fail to make a wrong judgment of the ideas annexed to those sounds in the mind of him that used them.  Just so, in the present case the object speaks (if I may so say) with words that the eye is well acquainted with, that is, confusions of appearance; but whereas heretofore the greater confusions were always wont to signify nearer distances, they have in this case a direct, contrary signification, being connected with the greater distances.  Whence it follows that the eye must unavoidably be mistaken, since it will take the confusions in the sense it has been used to, which is directly opposed to the true.

33.  This phenomenon as it entirely subverts the opinion of those who will have us judge of distance by lines and angles, on which supposition it is altogether inexplicable, so it seems to me no small confirmation of the truth of that principle whereby it is explained.  But in order co a more full explication of this point, and to show how far the hypothesis of the mind’s judging by the various divergency of rays may be of use in determining the apparent place of an object, it will be necessary to premise some few things, which are already well known to those who have any skill in dioptrics.

34.  First, any radiating point is then distinctly seen when the rays proceeding from it are, by the refractive power of the crystalline, accurately reunited in the retina or fund of the eye:  but if they are reunited, either before they arrive at the retina, or after they have passed it, then there is confused vision.