attendant, a “light-armed man,” either a poor citizen who cannot afford a regular suit of armor,[*] or possibly a trusted slave.  These “light-armed men” carry the hoplites’ shields until the battle, and most of the baggage.  They have javelins, and sometimes slings and bows.  They act as skirmishers before the actual battle:  and while the hoplites are in the real death-grip they harass the foe as they can, and guard the camp.  When the fight is done they do their best to cover the retreat, or slaughter the flying foe if their own hoplites are victorious.

[*]The hoplite’s panoply (see description later) was sufficiently expensive to imply that its owner was at least a man in tolerable circumstances.

88.  The Cavalry and the Peltasts.—­There are certain divisions of the army besides the hoplites and this somewhat ineffective light infantry.  There is a cavalry corps of 1000.  Wealthy young Athenians are proud to volunteer therein; it is a sign of wealth to be able to provide your war horse.  The cavalry too is given the place of honor in the great religious processions; and there is plenty of chance for exciting scouting service on the campaign.  Again, the cavalry service has something to commend it in that it is accounted much Safer than the infantry![*] The cavalry is, however, a rather feeble fighting instrument.  Greek riders have no saddles and no stirrups.  They are merely mounted on thin horse pads, and it is very hard to grip the horse with the knees tightly enough to keep from being upset ignominiously while wielding the spear.  The best use for the cavalry perhaps is for the riders to take a sheaf of javelins, ride up and discharge them at the foe as skirmishers, then fall back behind the hoplites; though after the battle the horsemen will have plenty to do in the retreat or the pursuit.

[*]Greeks could seldom have been brought to imitate the reckless medieval cavaliers.  The example of Leonidas at Thermopyle was more commended than imitated.  Outside of Sparta at least, few Greeks would have hesitated to flee from a battlefield, when the day (despite their proper exertions) had been wholly lost.

The Athenians have of course the Scythian police archers to send into any battle near Athens; they can also hire mercenary archers from Crete, but the Greek bows are relatively feeble, only three or four feet long—­by no means equal to the terrible yew bows which will win glory for England in the Middle Ages.  There has also come into vogue, especially since the Peloponnesian war, an improved kind of light-javelin-men,—­the “Peltasts,”—­with small shields, and light armor, but with extra long lances.  In recent warfare this type of soldier, carefully trained and agile, has been known to defeat bodies of the old-style over-encumbered hoplites.[*] Nevertheless, most veteran soldiers still believe that the heavy infantryman is everything, and the backbone of nearly every Greek army is still surely the hoplite.  He will continue to be the regular fighting unit until the improved “phalanx,” and the “Companion Cavalry” of Philip and Alexander of Macedon teach the captains of the world new lessons.