and smaller pair being connected to the secondary or induced circuit of the induction coil C, which is represented by a wavy line.  The primary or inducing circuit of the coil is connected to a battery B through a telegraph signalling key K, so that when this key is opened and closed by the telegraphist according to the Morse code, the induction coil is excited for a longer or shorter time by the current from the battery, in agreement with the longer and shorter signals of the message.  At the same time longer or shorter series of sparks corresponding to these signals pass across the gaps between the four balls, and give rise to longer or shorter series of etheric waves represented by the dotted line.  So much for the “Transmitter.”  But how does Marconi transform these invisible waves into visible or audible signals at the distant place?  He does this by virtue of a property discovered by Mr. S. A. Varley as far back as 1866, and investigated by Mr. E. Branly in 1889.  They found that powder of metals, carbon, and other conductors, while offering a great resistance to the passage of an electric current when in a loose state, coheres together when electric waves act upon it, and opposes much less resistance to the electric current.  It follows that if a Morse telegraph instrument at the distant place be connected in circuit with a battery and some loose metal dust, it can be adjusted to work when the etheric waves pass through the dust, and only then.  In the diagram R is this Morse “Receiver” joined in circuit with a battery B1; and a thin layer of nickel and silver dust, mixed with a trace of mercury, is placed between two cylindrical knobs or “electrodes” of silver fused into the glass tube d, which is exhausted of air like an electric glow lamp.  Now, when the etheric waves proceeding from the transmitting station traverse the glass of the tube and act upon the metal dust, the current of the battery B1 works the Morse receiver, and marks the signals in ink on a strip of travelling paper.  Inasmuch as the dust tends to stick together after a wave passes through it, however, it requires to be shaken loose after each signal, and this is done by a small round hammer head seen on the right, which gives a slight tap to the tube.  The hammer is worked by a small electromagnet E, connected to the Morse instrument, and another battery b in what is called a “relay” circuit; so that after the Morse instrument marks a signal, the hammer makes a tap on the tube.  As this tap has a bell-like sound, the telegraphist can also read the signals of the message by his ear.

Two “self-induction bobbins,” L Ll, a well-known device of electricians for opposing resistance to electric waves, are included in the circuit of the Morse instrument the better to confine the action of the waves to the powder in the tube.  Further, the tube d is connected to two metal conductors V Vl, which may be compared to resonators in music.  They can be adjusted or attuned to the electric waves