necessary in the case of the other artists.  The times are changed, now most readers require parenthetical elucidation after each name except that of Chopin.  “He has put down the mighty from their seat and has exalted them of low degree!” The above-mentioned exhortation of his parents seems to have had the desired effect, and induced Chopin to make an effort, although now the circumstances were less favourable to his giving a concert than at the time of his arrival.  The musical season was over, and many people had left the capital for their summer haunts; the struggle in Poland continued with increasing fierceness, which was not likely to lessen the backwardness of Austrians in patronising a Pole; and in addition to this, cholera had visited the country and put to flight all who were not obliged to stay.  I have not been able to ascertain the date and other particulars of this concert.  Through Karasowski we learn that it was thinly attended, and that the receipts did not cover the expenses.  The “Theaterzeitung,” which had given such full criticisms of Chopin’s performances in 1829, says not a word either of the matinee or of the concert, not even the advertisement of the latter has come under my notice.  No doubt Chopin alludes to criticisms on this concert when he writes in the month of July:—­

    Louisa [his sister] informs me that Mr. Elsner was very much
   pleased with the criticism; I wonder what he will say of the
   others, he who was my teacher of composition?

Kandler, the Vienna correspondent of the “Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung,” after discussing in that paper (September 21, 1831) the performances of several artists, among others that of the clever Polish violin-virtuoso Serwaczynski, turns to “Chopin, also from the Sarmatian capital, who already during his visit last year proved himself a pianist of the first rank,” and remarks:—­

    The execution of his newest Concerto in E minor, a serious
   composition, gave no cause to revoke our former judgment.  One
   who is so upright in his dealings with genuine art is
   deserving our genuine esteem.

All things considered, I do not hesitate to accept Liszt’s statement that the young artist did not produce such a sensation as he had a right to expect.  In fact, notwithstanding the many pleasant social connections he had, Chopin must have afterwards looked back with regret, probably with bitterness, on his eight months’ sojourn in Vienna.  Not only did he add nothing to his fame as a pianist and composer by successful concerts and new publications, but he seems even to have been sluggish in his studies and in the production of new works.  How he leisurely whiled away the mornings at his lodgings, and passed the rest of the day abroad and in society, he himself has explicitly described.  That this was his usual mode of life at Vienna, receives further support from the self-satisfaction with which he on one occasion mentions that he had practised from early morning till two o’clock in the afternoon.  In his letters we read only twice of his having finished some new compositions.  On December 21, 1830, he writes:—­