without teaching them any kind of religious principles:  what motive beside fear can they have to behave well?  In the first settlement of this province, we employed them as slaves, I acknowledge; but when we found that good example, gentle admonition, and religious principles could lead them to subordination and sobriety, we relinquished a method so contrary to the profession of Christianity.  We gave them freedom, and yet few have quitted their ancient masters.  The women breed in our families; and we become attached to one another.  I taught mine to read and write; they love God, and fear his judgments.  The oldest person among them transacts my business in Philadelphia, with a punctuality, from which he has never deviated.  They constantly attend our meetings, they participate in health and sickness, infancy and old age, in the advantages our society affords.  Such are the means we have made use of, to relieve them from that bondage and ignorance in which they were kept before.  Thee perhaps hast been surprised to see them at my table, but by elevating them to the rank of freemen, they necessarily acquire that emulation without which we ourselves should fall into debasement and profligate ways.”  Mr. Bertram, this is the most philosophical treatment of negroes that I have heard of; happy would it be for America would other denominations of Christians imbibe the same principles, and follow the same admirable rules.  A great number of men would be relieved from those cruel shackles, under which they now groan; and under this impression, I cannot endure to spend more time in the southern provinces.  The method with which they are treated there, the meanness of their food, the severity of their tasks, are spectacles I have not patience to behold.  “I am glad to see that thee hast so much compassion; are there any slaves in thy country?” Yes, unfortunately, but they are more properly civil than domestic slaves; they are attached to the soil on which they live; it is the remains of ancient barbarous customs, established in the days of the greatest ignorance and savageness of manners! and preserved notwithstanding the repeated tears of humanity, the loud calls of policy, and the commands of religion.  The pride of great men, with the avarice of landholders, make them look on this class as necessary tools of husbandry; as if freemen could not cultivate the ground.  “And is it really so, Friend Iwan?  To be poor, to be wretched, to be a slave, are hard indeed; existence is not worth enjoying on those terms.  I am afraid thy country can never flourish under such impolitic government.”  I am very much of your opinion, Mr. Bertram, though I am in hopes that the present reign, illustrious by so many acts of the soundest policy, will not expire without this salutary, this necessary emancipation; which would fill the Russian empire with tears of gratitude.  “How long hast thee been in this country?” Four years, Sir.  “Why thee speakest English almost like a native; what a toil a traveller must undergo to learn various languages, to divest himself of his native prejudices, and to accommodate himself to the customs of all those among whom he chooseth to reside.”