and a cargo of furs taken in exchange.  If the vessel ever reached home, despite the risks of wreck and capture, a handsome dividend for those interested was the outcome.  But the risks were great, and, after a time, when the profits declined, the company showed scant interest in even the trading part of its business.  The other matter in which the directors of the company showed some interest was in the giving of seigneuries —­chiefly to themselves.  About sixty of these seigneuries were granted, large tracts all of them.  One director of the company secured the whole island of Orleans as his seigneurial estate; others took generous slices on both shores of the St Lawrence.  But not one of these men lifted a finger in the way of redeeming his huge fief from the wilderness.  Every one seems to have had great zeal in getting hold of these vast tracts with the hope that they would some day rise in value.  As for the development of the lands, however, neither the company nor its officers showed any such fervour in serving the royal cause.  Thirty years after the company had taken its charter there were only about two thousand inhabitants in the colony; not more than four thousand arpents of land were under cultivation; trade had failed to increase; and the colonists were openly demanding a change of policy.

When Louis XIV came to the throne and chose Colbert as his chief minister it was deemed wise to look into the colonial situation. [Footnote:  See in this Series ’The Great Intendant’, chap.  I.] Both were surprised and angered by the showing.  It appeared that not only had the company neglected its obligations, but that its officers had shrewdly concealed their shortcomings from the royal notice.  The great Bourbon therefore acted promptly and with firmness.  In a couple of notable royal decrees he read the directors a severe lecture upon their avarice and inaction, took away all the company’s powers, confiscated to the crown all the seigneuries which the directors had granted to themselves, and ordered that the colony should thenceforth be administered as a royal province.  By his later actions the king showed that he meant what his edicts implied.  The colony passed under direct royal government in 1663, and virtually remained there until its surrender into English hands an even century later.

Louis XIV was greatly interested in Canada.  From beginning to end of his long administration he showed this interest at every turn.  His officials sent from Quebec their long dispatches; the patient monarch read them all, and sent by the next ship his budget of orders, advice, reprimand, and praise.  As a royal province, New France had for its chief official a governor who represented the royal dignity and power.  The governor was the chief military officer, and it was to him that the king looked for the proper care of all matters relating to the defence and peace of New France.  Then there was the Sovereign Council, a body made up of the bishop, the intendant, and certain