I am indeed persuaded, said Philo, that the best, and indeed the only method of bringing every one to a due sense of religion, is by just representations of the misery and wickedness of men.  And for that purpose a talent of eloquence and strong imagery is more requisite than that of reasoning and argument.  For is it necessary to prove what every one feels within himself?  It is only necessary to make us feel it, if possible, more intimately and sensibly.

The people, indeed, replied DEMEA, are sufficiently convinced of this great and melancholy truth.  The miseries of life; the unhappiness of man; the general corruptions of our nature; the unsatisfactory enjoyment of pleasures, riches, honours; these phrases have become almost proverbial in all languages.  And who can doubt of what all men declare from their own immediate feeling and experience?

In this point, said Philo, the learned are perfectly agreed with the vulgar; and in all letters, sacred and profane, the topic of human misery has been insisted on with the most pathetic eloquence that sorrow and melancholy could inspire.  The poets, who speak from sentiment, without a system, and whose testimony has therefore the more authority, abound in images of this nature.  From Homer down to Dr. Young, the whole inspired tribe have ever been sensible, that no other representation of things would suit the feeling and observation of each individual.

As to authorities, replied DEMEA, you need not seek them.  Look round this library of cleanthes.  I shall venture to affirm, that, except authors of particular sciences, such as chemistry or botany, who have no occasion to treat of human life, there is scarce one of those innumerable writers, from whom the sense of human misery has not, in some passage or other, extorted a complaint and confession of it.  At least, the chance is entirely on that side; and no one author has ever, so far as I can recollect, been so extravagant as to deny it.

There you must excuse me, said Philo:  Leibniz has denied it; and is perhaps the first [That sentiment had been maintained by Dr. King and some few others before Leibniz; though by none of so great a fame as that German philosopher] who ventured upon so bold and paradoxical an opinion; at least, the first who made it essential to his philosophical system.

And by being the first, replied DEMEA, might he not have been sensible of his error?  For is this a subject in which philosophers can propose to make discoveries especially in so late an age?  And can any man hope by a simple denial (for the subject scarcely admits of reasoning), to bear down the united testimony of mankind, founded on sense and consciousness?

And why should man, added he, pretend to an exemption from the lot of all other animals?  The whole earth, believe me, Philo, is cursed and polluted.  A perpetual war is kindled amongst all living creatures.  Necessity, hunger, want, stimulate the strong and courageous:  Fear, anxiety, terror, agitate the weak and infirm.  The first entrance into life gives anguish to the new-born infant and to its wretched parent:  Weakness, impotence, distress, attend each stage of that life:  and it is at last finished in agony and horror.