Can it be possible that those who are now holding up the constitutional principle as a shield for their monarchical views have a different definition for the term “constitution”?  The Ching (Manchu) Dynasty considered itself as possessing a constitution in its last days.  Did we recognize it as such?  Let me also ask the critics what guarantee they have to offer that the constitution will be put into effect without hindrance as soon as the form of State is changed.  If they cannot give any definite guarantee, then what they advocate is merely an absolute monarchy and not a constitutional monarchy.  As it is not likely to be a constitutional monarchy, we may safely assume that it will be an imperial autocracy.  I cannot regard it as a wise plan if, owing to dislike of its defects, the Republic should be transformed into an Imperial autocracy.  Owing to various unavoidable reasons, it is excusable in spite of violent opposition to adopt temporarily autocratic methods in a republican country.  But if the plan proposed by present-day critics be put into effect, that on the promise of a constitution we should agree to the adoption of a monarchy, then the promise must be definitely made to the country at the time of transition that a constitutional government will become an actuality.  But if, after the promise is made, existing conditions are alleged to justify the continuance of autocratic methods, I am afraid the whole country will not be so tolerant towards the Chief Executive.  To assume outwardly the role of constitutional government, but in reality to rule in an unconstitutional manner, was the cause of the downfall of the Ching Dynasty.  The object lesson is not obscure.  Let us take warning by it.

V. FALLACIES OF THE MONARCHISTS

If, on the other hand, the present day critics are really in earnest for a constitution, then I am unable to understand why they believe that this cannot be secured under the Republic but must be obtained in a roundabout way by means of a monarchy.  In my view the real hindrances to the adoption of a constitution at the present day in China are the existing conditions, viz. the attitude of the officials and the traditions and intellectual standards of the people.  But these hindrances have not resulted from the adoption of republicanism.  Therefore they cannot be expected to disappear with the disappearance of the Republic.  For instance, from the President downward to the minor official of every official organ in the capital or in the provinces, every one inclines to be independent of the law, and considers it convenient to deal with affairs as he pleases.  This is the greatest obstacle to constitutional government.  Now has that anything to do with the change or not of the form of State?  Again, the absence, on the part of the people, of interest in political affairs, of knowledge of politics, of political morality and strength, and their inability