government, but once it is formed it will be comparatively easy.  When the constitutional government has been established, the Emperor will have to seek his fame in such useful things as the defence of his country and the conquest of his enemy.  Everything has to progress, and men possessing European education will be made use of by the reigning family.  The first Emperor will certainly do all he can to capture the hearts of the people by means of adopting and carrying out in letter as well as in spirit constitutional government.  The heir-apparent will pay attention to all new reforms and new things.  Should he do so, the people will be able to console themselves by saying that they will always be the people of a constitutional monarchy even after the succession to the throne of the heir-apparent.  When the time comes for the heir-apparent to mount the throne the people will extend to him their cordial welcome, and there will be no need to worry about internal disturbances.

Therefore, I conclude that the successor to the presidential chair has to prevent chaos by wielding the monarchical power, while the new emperor can avert internal disquietude forever by means of his constitutional government.  This is the fourth difference between the republic and the monarchy.  These four differences are accountable for the fact that there will not be as much disturbance at the time of the change of emperors as at the time when the president is changed.

Mr. Ko:  I can understand what you have said with regard to the advantages and disadvantages of the republic and the monarchy, but there are many problems connected with the formation of a constitutional monarchy which we have to solve.  Why is it that the attempt to introduce constitutional government during the last years of the Manchu Dynasty proved a failure?

Mr. Hu:  The constitutional government of the Manchu Dynasty was one in name only, and as such the forerunner of the revolution of 1911.  Towards the end of the Manchu Dynasty, the talk of starting a revolution to overthrow the imperial regime was in everybody’s mouth, although the constitutional party endeavoured to accomplish something really useful.  At that time His Excellency Yuan Shih-kai was the grand chancellor, and realizing the fact that nothing except the adoption of a constitutional government could save the throne of the Manchus, he assumed the leadership of the constitutional party, which surpassed in strength the revolutionary party as a result of his active support.  The people’s hearts completely turned to the constitutional party for salvation, while the revolutionary party lost that popular support which it had formerly enjoyed.  Then it seemed that the imperial household would soon adopt the constitutional monarchy and the threatening revolution could be averted.  Unfortunately, the elaborate plans of His Excellency Yuan Shih-kai regarding the adoption of the constitutional government were not carried out by the imperial household.  A