14.  The arms used by these natives are few and simple.  Four sorts of spears, made from the suckers of a very light wood tree with large pith, headed with hard wood and generally topped with bone so as to form a point or barb, are the most common.  The end of the tail of a species of ray fish is sometimes used as a point.  It is serrated and brittle, and on entering any object breaks short off.  It is said to be poisonous, but I do not believe such to be the case, as one of the marines stationed here was speared in the shoulder with one of these spears, and no poisonous effect was produced.  The point which broke short off, however, remained in the wound, and could not be extracted for many months.  The spear most commonly in use, and the most effective, has merely a head of very hard wood, from a species of acacia, scraped to a very fine sharp point.  These are the only spears which can be thrown with any precision to a distance—­they are sent with considerable force.  I extracted two from the thigh of one of my horses; the animal had another in the shoulder, which had entered to a depth of five and a half inches.  All spears are thrown with the ‘wommera’, or throwing stick.  A rudely made stone tomahawk is in use among the Cape York natives, but it is now nearly surperseded by iron axes obtained from the Europeans.  I have seen no other weapons among them; the boomerang and nulla-nulla (or club) are not known.

15.  The greatest ingenuity which the natives display is in the construction and balancing of their canoes.  These are formed from the trunk of the cotton tree (’Cochlospermum’) hollowed out.  The wood is soft and spongy, and becomes very light when dry.  The canoes are sometimes more than fifty feet in length, and are each capable of containing twelve or fifteen natives.  The hull is balanced and steadied in the water by two outrigger poles, laid athwart, having a float of light wood fastened across them at each end—­so that it is impossible for them to upset.  A stage is formed on the canoe where the outriggers cross, on which is carried the fishing gear, and, invariably, also fire.  The canoes are propelled by short paddles, or a sail of palm-leaf matting when the wind is fair.  Considerable nicety is also shown in the making of fishing lines and hooks.  The former are made from the fibres of a species of climber very neatly twisted.  The fish-hooks are made of tortoise-shell, or nails procured from wreck timber.  They are without barbs, and our fish-hooks are eagerly sought for in place of them.

16.  The food of the natives consists chiefly of fish, and, in the season, turtle, with roots and fruits.  These latter and shell-fish it is the business of the females to collect and prepare.  They may, however, be truly said to be omnivorous, for nothing comes amiss to them, and the quantity they can consume is almost incredible.  I have seen them luxuriating on the half putrid liver of a large shark cast up on the beach, the little black children scooping up the filthy oil, and discussing it with apparently the greatest gusto.