As from the Old Empire, so from the Middle Empire, almost the only works of man surviving to us are tombs and their contents.  These tombs have no longer the simple mastaba form, but are either built up of sun-dried brick in the form of a block capped by a pyramid or are excavated in the rock.  The former class offers little interest from the architectural point of view.  But some of the rock-cut tombs of Beni-hasan, belonging to the Twelfth Dynasty, exhibit a feature which calls for mention.  These tombs have been so made as to leave pillars of the living rock standing, both at the entrance and in the chapel.  The simplest of these pillars are square in plan and somewhat tapering.  Others, by the chamfering off of their edges, have been made eight-sided.  A repetition of the process gave sixteen-sided pillars.  The sixteen sides were then hollowed out (channeled).  The result is illustrated by Fig. 6.  It will be observed that the pillar has a low, round base, with beveled edge; also, at the top, a square abacus, which is simply a piece of the original four-sided pillar, left untouched.  Such polygonal pillars as these are commonly called proto-Doric columns.  The name was given in the belief that these were the models from which the Greeks derived their Doric columns, and this belief is still held by many authorities.

With the New Empire we begin to have numerous and extensive remains of temples, while those of an earlier date have mostly disappeared.  Fig. 7 may afford some notion of what an Egyptian temple was like.  This one is at Luxor, on the site of ancient Thebes in Upper Egypt.  It is one of the largest of all, being over 800 feet in length.  Like many others, it was not originally planned on its present scale, but represents two or three successive periods of construction, Ramses II., of the Nineteenth Dynasty, having given it its final form by adding to an already finished building all that now stands before the second pair of towers.  As so extended, the building has three pylons, as they are called, pylon being the name for the pair of sloping-sided towers with gateway between.  Behind the first pylon comes an open court surrounded by a cloister with double rows of columns.  The second and third pylons are connected with one another by a covered passage—­an exceptional feature.  Then comes a second open court; then a hypostyle hall, i.e., a hall with flat roof supported by columns; and finally, embedded in the midst of various chambers, the relatively small sanctuary, inaccessible to all save the king and the priests.  Notice the double line of sphinxes flanking the avenue of approach, the two granite obelisks at the entrance, and the four colossal seated figures in granite representing Ramses II.—­all characteristic features.