The effect is seen constantly.  We are asked to lend, and do lend, vast sums, which it would be impossible to obtain elsewhere.  It is sometimes said that any foreign country can borrow in Lombard Street at a price:  some countries can borrow much cheaper than others; but all, it is said, can have some money if they choose to pay enough for it.  Perhaps this is an exaggeration; but confined, as of course it was meant to be, to civilised Governments, it is not much of an exaggeration.  There are very few civilised Governments that could not borrow considerable sums of us if they choose, and most of them seem more and more likely to choose.  If any nation wants even to make a railway—­especially at all a poor nation—­it is sure to come to this country—­to the country of banks—­for the money.  It is true that English bankers are not themselves very great lenders to foreign states.  But they are great lenders to those who lend.  They advance on foreign stocks, as the phrase is, with ‘a margin;’ that is, they find eighty per cent of the money, and the nominal lender finds the rest.  And it is in this way that vast works are achieved with English aid which but for that aid would never have been planned.

In domestic enterprises it is the same.  We have entirely lost the idea that any undertaking likely to pay, and seen to be likely, can perish for want of money; yet no idea was more familiar to our ancestors, or is more common now in most countries.  A citizen of London in Queen Elizabeth’s time could not have imagined our state of mind.  He would have thought that it was of no use inventing railways (if he could have understood what a railway meant), for you would not have been able to collect the capital with which to make them.  At this moment, in colonies and all rude countries, there is no large sum of transferable money; there is no fund from which you can borrow, and out of which you can make immense works.  Taking the world as a whole—­either now or in the past—­it is certain that in poor states there is no spare money for new and great undertakings, and that in most rich states the money is too scattered, and clings too close to the hands of the owners, to be often obtainable in large quantities for new purposes.  A place like Lombard Street, where in all but the rarest times money can be always obtained upon good security or upon decent prospects of probable gain, is a luxury which no country has ever enjoyed with even comparable equality before.

But though these occasional loans to new enterprises and foreign States are the most conspicuous instances of the power of Lombard Street, they are not by any means the most remarkable or the most important use of that power.  English trade is carried on upon borrowed capital to an extent of which few foreigners have an idea, and none of our ancestors could have conceived.  In every district small traders have arisen, who ‘discount their bills’ largely, and with the capital so borrowed, harass and press