32.  Kofod Ancher, l.c.  This old booklet contains much that has been lost sight of by later explorers.

33.  They played an important part in the revolts of the serfs, and were therefore prohibited several times in succession in the second half of the ninth century.  Of course, the king’s prohibitions remained a dead letter.

34.  The medieval Italian painters were also organized in guilds, which became at a later epoch Academies of art.  If the Italian art of those times is impressed with so much individuality that we distinguish, even now, between the different schools of Padua, Bassano, Treviso, Verona, and so on, although all these cities were under the sway of Venice, this was due—­J.  Paul Richter remarks—­to the fact that the painters of each city belonged to a separate guild, friendly with the guilds of other towns, but leading a separate existence.  The oldest guild-statute known is that of Verona, dating from 1303, but evidently copied from some much older statute.  “Fraternal assistance in necessity of whatever kind,” “hospitality towards strangers, when passing through the town, as thus information may be obtained about matters which one may like to learn,” and “obligation of offering comfort in case of debility” are among the obligations of the members (Nineteenth Century, Nov. 1890, and Aug. 1892).

35.  The chief works on the artels are named in the article “Russia” of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th edition, p. 84.

36.  See, for instance, the texts of the Cambridge guilds given by Toulmin Smith (English Guilds, London, 1870, pp. 274-276), from which it appears that the “generall and principall day” was the “eleccioun day;” or, Ch.  M. Clode’s The Early History of the Guild of the Merchant Taylors, London, 1888, i. 45; and so on.  For the renewal of allegiance, see the Jomsviking saga, mentioned in Pappenheim’s Altdanische Schutzgilden, Breslau, 1885, p. 67.  It appears very probable that when the guilds began to be prosecuted, many of them inscribed in their statutes the meal day only, or their pious duties, and only alluded to the judicial function of the guild in vague words; but this function did not disappear till a very much later time.  The question, “Who will be my judge?” has no meaning now, since the State has appropriated for its bureaucracy the organization of justice; but it was of primordial importance in medieval times, the more so as self-jurisdiction meant self-administration.  It must also be remarked that the translation of the Saxon and Danish “guild-bretheren,” or “brodre,” by the Latin convivii must also have contributed to the above confusion.

37.  See the excellent remarks upon the frith guild by J.R.  Green and Mrs. Green in The Conquest of England, London, 1883, pp. 229-230.

38.  None

39.  Recueil des ordonnances des rois de France, t. xii. 562; quoted by Aug.  Thierry in Considerations sur l’histoire de France, p. 196, ed. 12mo.