consequences of the new era of world-economy into which we have passed.  And therefore she could not see that the titanic conflict of Empires which was looming ahead was of an altogether different character from the old conflicts of the European states, that it was fundamentally a conflict of principles, a fight for existence between the ideal of self-government and the ideal of dominion, and that it must therefore involve, for good or ill, the fortunes of the whole globe.  She watched the events which led up to the great agony with impartial and deliberate interest.  Even when the war began she clung with obstinate faith to the belief that her tradition of aloofness might still be maintained.  It is not surprising, when we consider how deep-rooted this tradition was, that it took two and a half years of carnage and horror to convert her from it.  But it was inevitable that in the end her still more deeply rooted tradition of liberty should draw her into the conflict, and lead her at last to play her proper part in the attempt to shape a new world-order.

We cannot stop to analyse the minor world-states, Italy and Japan; both of which might have stood aside from the conflict, but that both realised its immense significance for themselves and for the world.

Last among the world-states, both in the date of its foundation and in the extent of its domains, was the empire of Germany, which covered considerably less than 1,500,000 square miles, but rested upon a home population of nearly 70,000,000, more docile, more industrious, and more highly organised than any other human society.  The empire of Germany had been more easily and more rapidly acquired than any of the others, yet since its foundation it had known many troubles, because the hard and domineering spirit in which it was ruled did not know how to win the affections of its subjects.  A parvenu among the great states—­ having only attained the dignity of nationhood in the mid-nineteenth century—­Germany has shown none of that ’genius for equality’ which is the secret of good manners and of friendship among nations as among individuals.  Her conversation, at home and abroad, had the vulgar self-assertiveness of the parvenu, and turned always and wholly upon her own greatness.  And her conduct has been the echo of her conversation.  She has persuaded herself that she has a monopoly of power, of wisdom, and of knowledge, and deserves to rule the earth.  Of the magnitude and far-reaching nature of her imperialist ambitions, we have said something in a previous chapter.  She had as yet failed to realise any of these vaulting schemes, but she had not for that reason abandoned any of them, and she kept her clever and insidious preparations on foot in every region of the world upon which her acquisitive eyes had rested.  But the exasperation of her steady failure to achieve the place in the world which she had marked out as her due had driven her rulers more and more definitely