and turns to the north-west, directly the reverse of what Cardenas observed.  The actual place then must have been about midway of the stretch referred to, that is, near the letter “A” of the word “Canon” on the relief map.  Where he started from to arrive at this part of the canyon cannot be discussed here for want of space, but the writer believes the place was some three hundred miles south-east, say near Four Peaks on the new Mexican line.** Cardenas was, therefore, guided along the southerly edge of the great Colorado Plateau, through the superb Coconino Forest, where he had wood, water, and grass in abundance.  The locality he reached was very dry, and they were obliged to go each night a long distance back from the brink to procure water.  For this reason, Cardenas gave up trying to follow the canyon, and returned again, by way of Tusayan, to Cibola, passing on the way a waterfall, which possibly was in the Havasupai (Cataract) Canyon.  Castaneda, the chief chronicler of the Coronado expedition, says the river Cardenas found was the Tizon, “much nearer its source than where Melchior Diaz crossed it,” thus showing that its identity was well surmised, if not understood, at that time.  Nothing, however, was known of its upper course; at least there is no evidence of any such knowledge, though the natives had doubtless given the Spaniards some information regarding it.  The special record of the Cardenas expedition was kept by one Pedro de Sotomayor, but it has apparently never been seen in modern times.  It is probably in the archives of Spain or Mexico, and its discovery would throw needed light on the location of Tusayan and the course Cardenas followed.*** The distance of this whole region from a convenient base of supplies, and its repellent character, prevented further operations at this period, and when these explorers traced their disappointed way homeward, the Colorado was not seen again by white men for over half a century; and it was more than two hundred years before European eyes again looked upon the Grand Canyon.

* A las barrancas del rio que puestos a el bado [lado?] de ellas parecia al otro bordo que auia mas de tres o quatro leguas por el ayre.”—­Castaneda, in Winship’s monograph.  Fourteenth Ann.  Rep.  Bureau of Ethnology, p. 429.

** For the author’s views on Coronado’s route see the Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, December, 1897.  Those views have been confirmed by later study, the only change being the shifting of Cibola from the Florida Mountains north-westerly to the region of the Gila.  See map p. 115, Breaking the Wilderness.

*** It may be noted here with reference to the location of Cibola, Tiguex, Tusayan, etc., that too much heretofore has been assumed. The explanations presented are often very lame and unsatisfactory when critically examined.  So many writers are now committed to the errors, on this subject that it will be a hard matter to arrive at the truth.