In 1990, the Copyright Remedy Clarification Act amended section 501(a) by adding the last two sentences.  Pub.  L. No. 101-553, 104 Stat. 2749.  The Visual Artists Rights Act of 1990 also amended section 501(a) as follows:  1) by inserting “or of the author as provided in section 106A(a)” after “118” and 2) by striking out “copyright.” and inserting in lieu thereof “copyright or right of the author, as the case may be.  For purposes of this chapter (other than section 506), any reference to copyright shall be deemed to include the rights conferred by section 106A(a).”  Pub.  L. No. 101-650, 104 Stat. 5089, 5131.

In 1999, a technical correction amended the first sentence in subsection 501(a) by inserting “121” in lieu of “118.”  Pub.  L. No. 106-44, 113 Stat. 221, 222.  The Satellite Home Viewer Improvement Act of 1999 amended section 501 by adding a subsection (f) and, in subsection (e), by inserting “performance or display of a work embodied in a primary transmission” in lieu of “primary transmission embodying the performance or display of a work.”  Pub.  L. No. 106-113, 113 Stat. 1501, app.  I at 1501A-527 and 544.  The Satellite Home Viewer Improvement Act of 1999 states that section 501(f) shall be effective as of July 1, 1999.  Pub.  L. No. 106-113, 113 Stat. 1501, app.  I at 1501A-544.

4 The Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988 amended section 504(c) as follows:  1) in paragraph (1), by inserting “$500” in lieu of “$250” and by inserting “$20,000” in lieu of “$10,000” and 2) in paragraph (2), by inserting “$100,000” in lieu of “$50,000” and by inserting “$200” in lieu of “$100.”  Pub.  L. No. 100-568, 102 Stat. 2853, 2860.  The Digital Theft Deterrence and Copyright Damages Improvement Act of 1999 amended section 504(c), in paragraph (1), by substituting “$750” for “$500” and “$30,000” for “$20,000” and, in paragraph (2), by substituting “$150,000” for “$100,000.”  Pub.  L. No. 106-160, 113 Stat. 1774.

5 The Piracy and Counterfeiting Amendments Act of 1982 amended section 506 by substituting a new subsection(a).  Pub.  L. No. 97-180, 96 Stat. 91, 93.  The Visual Artists Rights Act of 1990 amended section 506 by adding subsection (f).  Pub.  L. No.101-650, 104 Stat. 5089, 5131.  In 1997, the No Electronic Theft (NET) Act again amended section 506 by amending subsection (a) in its entirety.  Pub.  L. No. 105-147, 111 Stat. 2678.  That Act also directed the United States Sentencing Commission to “ensure that the applicable guideline range for a defendant convicted of a crime against intellectual property . . . is sufficiently stringent to deter such a crime” and to “ensure that the guidelines provide for consideration of the retail value and quantity of the items with respect to which the crime against intellectual property was committed.”  Pub.  L. No. 105-147, 111 Stat. 2678, 2680.  See also endnote 2 in Part VII of the Appendix.

6 In 1997, the No Electronic Theft (NET) Act amended section 507(a) by inserting “5” in lieu of “three.”  Pub.  L. No. 105-147, 111 Stat. 2678.