The Visual Artists Rights Act of 1990 amended section 411(a) by inserting “and an action brought for a violation of the rights of the author under section 106A(a)” after “United States.”  Pub.  L. No. 101-650, 104 Stat. 5089, 5131.  In 1997, section 411(b)(1) was amended in its entirety.  Pub.  L. No. 105-80, 111 Stat. 1529, 1532.

The WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act of 1998 amended the first sentence in section 411(a) by deleting “actions for infringement of copyright in Berne Convention works whose country of origin is not the United and” and by inserting “United States” after “no action for infringement of the copyright in any.”  Pub.  L. No. 105-304, 112 Stat. 2860, 2863.

11 The Visual Artists Rights Act of 1990 amended section 412 by inserting “an action brought for a violation of the rights of the author under section 106A(a) or” after “other than.”  Pub.  L. No. 101-650, 104 Stat. 5089, 5131.

-------------------------------------------------------

-----------------

Chapter 5 [1]

Copyright Infringement and Remedies

+ 501.  Infringement of copyright
+ 502.  Remedies for infringement:  Injunctions
+ 503.  Remedies for infringement:  Impounding and disposition of
infringing articles
+ 504.  Remedies for infringement:  Damages and profits
+ 505.  Remedies for infringement:  Costs and attorney’s fees
+ 506.  Criminal offenses
+ 507.  Limitations on actions
+ 508.  Notification of filing and determination of actions
+ 509.  Seizure and forfeiture
+ 510.  Remedies for alteration of programming by cable systems
+ 511.  Liability of States, instrumentalities of States, and State
officials for infringement of copyright
+ 512.  Limitations on liability relating to material online
+ 513. [2] Determination of reasonable license fees for individual
proprietors

Section 501.  Infringement of copyright [3]

(a) Anyone who violates any of the exclusive rights of the copyright owner as provided by sections 106 through 121 or of the author as provided in section 106A(a), or who imports copies or phonorecords into the United States in violation of section 602, is an infringer of the copyright or right of the author, as the case may be.  For purposes of this chapter (other than section 506), any reference to copyright shall be deemed to include the rights conferred by section 106A(a).  As used in this subsection, the term “anyone” includes any State, any instrumentality of a State, and any officer or employee of a State or instrumentality of a State acting in his or her official capacity.  Any State, and any such instrumentality, officer, or employee, shall be subject to the provisions of this title in the same manner and to the same extent as any nongovernmental entity.