most arbitrary restrictions were imposed on their trade.  And the governors were not behind hand in rapacity and extortion for themselves as well as their master.  Yet, under all these difficulties, the colonies made a quick progress in population.  The city of Lima, founded since the conquest, is represented by Ulloa as containing fifty thousand inhabitants near fifty years ago.6 Quito, which had been but a hamlet of indians, is represented by the same author as in his time equally populous.  Mexico is said to contain a hundred thousand inhabitants, which, notwithstanding the exaggerations of the Spanish writers, is supposed to be five times greater than what it contained in the time of Montezuma.

In the Portuguese colony of Brazil, governed with almost equal tyranny, there were supposed to be, thirty years since, six hundred thousand inhabitants of European extraction.

The Dutch and French colonies, though under the government of exclusive companies of merchants, which, as Dr Adam Smith says very justly, is the worst of all possible governments, still persisted in thriving under every disadvantage.

But the English North American colonies, now the powerful people of the United States of America, made by far the most rapid progress.  To the plenty of good land which they possessed in common with the Spanish and Portuguese settlements, they added a greater degree of liberty and equality.  Though not without some restrictions on their foreign commerce, they were allowed a perfect liberty of managing their own internal affairs.  The political institutions that prevailed were favourable to the alienation and division of property.  Lands that were not cultivated by the proprietor within a limited time were declared grantable to any other person.  In Pennsylvania there was no right of primogeniture, and in the provinces of New England the eldest had only a double share.  There were no tithes in any of the States, and scarcely any taxes.  And on account of the extreme cheapness of good land a capital could not be more advantageously employed than in agriculture, which at the same time that it supplies the greatest quantity of healthy work affords much the most valuable produce to the society.

The consequence of these favourable circumstances united was a rapidity of increase probably without parallel in history.  Throughout all the northern colonies, the population was found to double itself in twenty-five years.  The original number of persons who had settled in the four provinces of new England in 1643 was 21,200.(I take these figures from Dr Price’s two volumes of Observations; not having Dr Styles’ pamphlet, from which he quotes, by me.) Afterwards, it is supposed that more left them than went to them.  In the year 1760, they were increased to half a million.  They had therefore all along doubled their own number in twenty-five years.  In New Jersey the period of doubling appeared to be twenty-two years; and in Rhode island still less.  In the back settlements, where the inhabitants applied themselves solely to agriculture, and luxury was not known, they were found to double their own number in fifteen years, a most extraordinary instance of increase.  Along the sea coast, which would naturally be first inhabited, the period of doubling was about thirty-five years; and in some of the maritime towns, the population was absolutely at a stand.